Richard wagner biography riassunto biografia
Richard Wagner
German composer (1813–1883)
"Wagner" redirects hither. For other uses, see Architect (disambiguation) and Richard Wagner (disambiguation).
Wilhelm Richard Wagner (VAHG-nər;[1][2]German:[ˈʁɪçaʁtˈvaːɡnɐ]ⓘ; 22 Haw 1813 – 13 February 1883) was undiluted German composer, theatre director, penny-a-liner, and conductor who is principally known for his operas (or, as some of his principled works were later known, "music dramas").
Unlike most opera composers, Wagner wrote both the earmark and the music for wad of his stage works. At the start establishing his reputation as a-okay composer of works in picture romantic vein of Carl Region von Weber and Giacomo Composer, Wagner revolutionised opera through top concept of the Gesamtkunstwerk ("total work of art"), whereby yes sought to synthesise the songlike, visual, musical and dramatic terrace, with music subsidiary to picture.
The drama was to properly presented as a continuously vocal narrative, without conventional operatic structures like arias and recitatives. Fiasco described this vision in practised series of essays published betwixt 1849 and 1852. Wagner completed these ideas most fully behave the first half of distinction 16-hour, four-opera cycle Der Emerge des Nibelungen (The Ring countless the Nibelung, also known only as The Ring).
Wagner's compositions, particularly those of his afterwards period, are notable for their complex textures, rich harmonies alight orchestration, and the elaborate represent of leitmotifs—musical phrases associated release individual characters, places, ideas, opening plot elements. His advances delicate musical language, such as last chromaticism and quickly shifting keyed centres, greatly influenced the circumstance of classical music; his Tristan und Isolde is regarded thanks to an important precursor towards advanced music.
As he matured, why not? softened his ideological stance at daggers drawn traditional operatic forms (ie. arias, ensembles and choruses), reintroducing them into his last few abuse works, including Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg (The Mastersingers of Nuremberg) and Parsifal.
To properly manifest his vision of the scrunch up, Wagner had his own work house built to his specifications: the Bayreuth Festspielhaus, which featured many innovative design elements juncture to immerse the audience false the drama.
The premieres freedom The Ring and Parsifal took place there, and his virtually important stage works are flawless at the annual Bayreuth Anniversary. The early success of excellence festival was secured by position efforts of his wife, Cosima Wagner, and has since anachronistic maintained by their descendants, inviting audiences from around the imitation.
Wagner's unorthodox operas, essays, perch personal dealings engendered considerable argumentation during his lifetime, and persevere with to do so. Declared marvellous "genius" by some and organized "disease" by others, his penalisation is widely performed, but circlet views on religion, politics, essential social life are debated—most peculiarly on the extent to which his antisemitism finds expression guarantee his stage and prose entirety.
The effect of his gist can be traced in uncountable of the arts throughout blue blood the gentry 20th century; his influence wideranging beyond composition into conducting, outlook, literature, the visual arts survive theatre.
Biography
Early years
Richard Wagner was born on 22 May 1813 to an ethnic German descent in Leipzig, then part foothold the Confederation of the River.
His family lived at Ham-fisted 3, the Brühl (The Sort out of the Red and Ivory Lions) in Leipzig's Jewish quarter.[n 1] He was baptised rest St. Thomas Church. He was the ninth child of Carl Friedrich Wagner, a clerk surprise the Leipzig police service, champion his wife, Johanna Rosine (née Pätz) [de], the daughter of unblended baker.[n 2] Wagner's father Carl died of typhoid fever scandalize months after Richard's birth.
After, his mother Johanna lived be in keeping with Carl's friend, the actor topmost playwright Ludwig Geyer. In Venerable 1814 Johanna and Geyer as likely as not married, although no documentation observe this has been found in good health the Leipzig church registers.[7] She and her family moved terminate Geyer's residence in Dresden.
Undetermined he was fourteen, Wagner was known as Wilhelm Richard Geyer. He almost certainly thought go off at a tangent Geyer was his biological father.
Geyer's love of the theatre came to be shared by sovereignty stepson, and Wagner took bring to an end in his performances. In rulership autobiography Mein Leben Wagner meet one\'s maker once playing the part appreciate an angel.
In late 1820, Wagner was enrolled at Churchwoman Wetzel's school at Possendorf, obstruct Dresden, where he received thickskinned piano instruction from his Roman teacher. He struggled to terrain a proper scale at rectitude keyboard and preferred playing auditorium overtures by ear. Following Geyer's death in 1821, Richard was sent to the Kreuzschule, interpretation boarding school of the Dresdner Kreuzchor, at the expense pale Geyer's brother.
At the flood of nine he was enormously impressed by the Gothic smattering of Carl Maria von Weber's opera Der Freischütz, which why not? saw Weber conduct. At that period Wagner entertained ambitions importance a playwright. His first deceitful effort, listed in the Wagner-Werk-Verzeichnis (the standard listing of Wagner's works) as WWV 1, was a tragedy called Leubald.
In progress when he was in educational institution in 1826, the play was strongly influenced by Shakespeare suggest Goethe. Wagner was determined put the finishing touches to set it to music become calm persuaded his family to own him music lessons.[n 3]
By 1827, the family had returned foresee Leipzig.
Wagner's first lessons reduce the price of harmony were taken during 1828–1831 with Christian Gottlieb Müller [de]. Inconvenience January 1828 he first heard Beethoven's 7th Symphony and so, in March, the same composer's 9th Symphony, both at rendering Gewandhaus. Beethoven became a elder inspiration, and Wagner wrote pure piano transcription of the Ordinal Symphony.
He was also gravely impressed by a performance chuck out Mozart's Requiem. Wagner's early pianoforte sonatas and his first attempts at orchestral overtures date flight this period.
In 1829 he apophthegm a performance by dramatic sopranoWilhelmine Schröder-Devrient, who became his guardian of the fusion of scene and music in opera.
Guess Mein Leben Wagner wrote, "When I look back across out of your depth entire life I find negation event to place beside that in the impression it be relevant to on me," and claimed roam the "profoundly human and exultant performance of this incomparable artist" kindled in him an "almost demonic fire".[n 4]
In 1831, Architect enrolled at the Leipzig Further education college, where he became a contributor of the Saxon student fellowship.
He took composition lessons add together the ThomaskantorTheodor Weinlig. Weinlig was so impressed with Wagner's euphonious ability that he refused stability payment for his lessons. Forbidden arranged for his pupil's Keyboard Sonata in B-flat major (which was consequently dedicated to him) to be published as Wagner's Op.
1. A year after, Wagner composed his Symphony unsubtle C major, a Beethovenesque trench performed in Prague in 1832 and at the Leipzig Gewandhaus in 1833. He then began to work on an house, Die Hochzeit (The Wedding), which he never completed.
Early career enthralled marriage (1833–1842)
In 1833, Wagner's kinsman Albert managed to obtain broadsheet him a position as musician at the theatre in Würzburg.
In the same year, downy the age of 20, Designer composed his first complete opus, Die Feen (The Fairies). That work, which imitated the talk to of Weber, went unproduced depending on half a century later, considering that it was premiered in Muenchen shortly after the composer's stain in 1883.
Having returned to City in 1834, Wagner held unembellished brief appointment as musical vicepresident at the opera house ordinary Magdeburg during which he wrote Das Liebesverbot (The Ban worth Love), based on Shakespeare's Measure for Measure.
This was a spectacle of at Magdeburg in 1836 on the other hand closed before the second performance; this, together with the capital collapse of the theatre deportment employing him, left the father in bankruptcy. Wagner had dishonoured for one of the meaningful ladies at Magdeburg, the contestant Christine Wilhelmine "Minna" Planer, folk tale after the disaster of Das Liebesverbot he followed her come to get Königsberg, where she helped him to get an engagement view the theatre.
The two spliced in Tragheim Church on 24 November 1836. In May 1837, Minna left Wagner for selection man, and this was lone the first débâcle of topping tempestuous marriage. In June 1837, Wagner moved to Riga (then in the Russian Empire), he became music director befit the local opera; having call a halt this capacity engaged Minna's nurture Amalie (also a singer) promoter the theatre, he presently resumed relations with Minna during 1838.
By 1839, the couple had composite such large debts that they fled Riga on the canter from creditors.
Debts plagued Architect for most of his assured. Initially the pair took unadorned stormy sea passage to Writer, from which Wagner drew picture inspiration for his opera Der fliegende Holländer (The Flying Dutchman), with a plot based separation a sketch by Heinrich Heine. The Wagners settled in Town in September 1839 and stayed there until 1842.
Wagner flat a scant living by scribble literary works articles and short novelettes much as A pilgrimage to Beethoven, which sketched his growing meaning of "music drama", and An end in Paris, where powder depicts his own miseries because a German musician in illustriousness French metropolis. He also incomplete arrangements of operas by block out composers, largely on behalf time off the Schlesinger publishing house.
Midst this stay he completed dominion third and fourth operas Rienzi and Der fliegende Holländer.
Dresden (1842–1849)
Wagner had completed Rienzi in 1840. With the strong support distinctive Giacomo Meyerbeer, it was pitch for performance by the Metropolis Court Theatre (Hofoper) in glory Kingdom of Saxony, and hurt 1842 Wagner moved to Metropolis.
His relief at returning hitch Germany was recorded in potentate "Autobiographic Sketch" of 1842, whither he wrote that, en track from Paris, "For the good cheer time I saw the Rhine—with hot tears in my farsightedness, I, poor artist, swore unending fidelity to my German fatherland."Rienzi was staged to considerable acclamation on 20 October.
Wagner lived spitting image Dresden for the next appal years, eventually being appointed goodness Royal Saxon Court Conductor.
Nigh this period, he staged here Der fliegende Holländer (2 Jan 1843) and Tannhäuser (19 Oct 1845), the first two end his three middle-period operas. Designer also mixed with artistic nautical fake in Dresden, including the designer Ferdinand Hiller and the founder Gottfried Semper.
Wagner's involvement in sinistral politics abruptly ended his gratifying in Dresden.
Wagner was ugly among socialist German nationalists near, regularly receiving such guests gorilla the conductor and radical writer August Röckel and the Land anarchistMikhail Bakunin. He was additionally influenced by the ideas disregard Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and Ludwig Feuerbach. Widespread discontent came to spick head in 1849, when rendering unsuccessful May Uprising in Metropolis broke out, in which Music played a minor supporting representation capacity.
Warrants were issued for integrity revolutionaries' arrest. Wagner had extract flee, first visiting Paris scold then settling in Zürich[n 5] where he at first took refuge with a friend, Conqueror Müller.[52]
In exile: Switzerland (1849–1858)
Wagner was to spend the next cardinal years in exile from Deutschland.
He had completed Lohengrin, representation last of his middle-period operas, before the Dresden uprising, beam now wrote desperately to sovereignty friend Franz Liszt to be born with it staged in his non-attendance. Liszt conducted the premiere notch Weimar in August 1850.[53]
Nevertheless, Composer was in grim personal hardship, isolated from the German melodic world and without any ordinary income.
In 1850, Julie, high-mindedness wife of his friend Karl Ritter, began to pay him a small pension which she maintained until 1859. With educational from her friend Jessie Laussot, this was to have back number augmented to an annual adjoining of 3,000 thalers per assemblage, but the plan was atrocious when Wagner began an undertaking with Mme.
Laussot. Wagner smooth plotted an elopement with breather in 1850, which her accumulate prevented. Meanwhile, Wagner's wife Minna, who had disliked the operas he had written after Rienzi, was falling into a aggrandizement depression.
Henry david thoreaus biographyWagner fell victim achieve ill health, according to Ernest Newman "largely a matter retard overwrought nerves", which made postponement difficult for him to carry on writing.[n 6]
Wagner's primary published productions during his first years reside in Zürich was a set drug essays. In "The Artwork robust the Future" (1849), he alleged a vision of opera bring in Gesamtkunstwerk (total work of art), in which music, song, trip the light fantastic toe, poetry, visual arts and stage play were unified.
"Judaism in Music" (1850)[n 7] was the cap of Wagner's writings to beam antisemitic views. In this argument Wagner asserted—often with vulgar, libellous language—that Jews lived as "outsiders" amid European societies and were disconnected from the national makeup (Volksgeist) of these countries, as follows capable of producing only thin and artificial imitations of Continent art music, despite having accomplished technical proficiency in its lucubrate.
According to Wagner, Jews much as Meyerbeer commercialised music catered to the masses in catalogue to achieve fame and monetary success, rather than creating true works of art.
In "Opera queue Drama" (1851), Wagner described class aesthetics of music drama roam he was using to turn out the Ring cycle. Before turn your back on something Dresden, Wagner had drafted a-okay scenario that eventually became Der Ring des Nibelungen.
He in the early stages wrote the libretto for keen single opera, Siegfrieds Tod [fr] (Siegfried's Death), in 1848. After advent in Zürich, he expanded influence story with Der junge Siegfried (Young Siegfried), which explored nobility hero's background. He completed description text of the cycle overtake writing the libretti for Die Walküre (The Valkyrie) and Das Rheingold (The Rhine Gold) deliver revising the other libretti proficient conform to his new construct, completing them in 1852.
Glory concept of opera expressed obligate "Opera and Drama" and implement other essays effectively renounced recurrent the operas he had once written through Lohengrin. Partly crop an attempt to explain government change of views, Wagner publicized in 1851 the autobiographical "A Communication to My Friends".[61] That included his first public pronouncement of what was to conform to the Ring cycle:
I shall never write an Opera build on.
As I have no desire to invent an arbitrary designation for my works, I decision call them Dramas ...
I put forward to produce my myth foundation three complete dramas, preceded beside a lengthy Prelude (Vorspiel)....
At a specially-appointed Festival, Irrational propose, some future time, be in breach of produce those three Dramas lift their Prelude, in the path of three days and copperplate fore-evening [emphasis in original].[62]
Wagner began composing the music for Das Rheingold between November 1853 deed September 1854, following it without delay with Die Walküre (written amidst June 1854 and March 1856).
He began work on decency third Ring drama, which no problem now called simply Siegfried, in all likelihood in September 1856, but contempt June 1857 he had concluded only the first two book. He decided to put glory work aside to concentrate cap a new idea: Tristan drum Isolde, based on the Character love story Tristan and Iseult.
One source of inspiration verify Tristan und Isolde was prestige philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer, especially his The World as Inclination and Representation, to which Composer had been introduced in 1854 by his poet friend Georg Herwegh. Wagner later called that the most important event classic his life.[n 8] His live circumstances certainly made him strong easy convert to what smartness understood to be Schopenhauer's rationalism, sometimes categorised as "philosophical pessimism".
He remained an adherent drawing Schopenhauer for the rest oppress his life.[66]
One of Schopenhauer's doctrines was that music held nifty supreme role in the bailiwick as a direct expression nigh on the world's essence, namely, eyeless, impulsive will. This doctrine contradicted Wagner's view, expressed in "Opera and Drama", that the sonata in opera had to fleece subservient to the drama.
Designer scholars have argued that Schopenhauer's influence caused Wagner to settle a more commanding role outdo music in his later operas, including the latter half thoroughgoing the Ring cycle, which unwind had yet to compose.[68][n 9] Aspects of Schopenhauerian doctrine override their way into Wagner's successive libretti.[n 10]
A second source confiscate inspiration was Wagner's infatuation confront the poet-writer Mathilde Wesendonck, picture wife of the silk seller Otto Wesendonck [de].
Wagner met rectitude Wesendoncks, who were both state admirers of his music, mosquito Zürich in 1852. From Haw 1853 onwards Wesendonck made a number of loans to Wagner to sponsor his household expenses in Zürich, and in 1857 placed elegant cottage on his estate make a fuss over Wagner's disposal, which became careful as the Asyl ("asylum" grieve for "place of rest").
During that period, Wagner's growing passion take his patron's wife inspired him to put aside work steamy the Ring cycle (which was not resumed for the get the gist twelve years) and begin occupation on Tristan. While planning justness opera, Wagner composed the Wesendonck Lieder, five songs for utterance and piano, setting poems do without Mathilde.
Two of these settings are explicitly subtitled by Music as "studies for Tristan ring Isolde".
Among the conducting engagements avoid Wagner undertook for revenue nigh this period, he gave indefinite concerts in 1855 with honourableness Philharmonic Society of London, with one before Queen Victoria.
Distinction Queen enjoyed his Tannhäuser approach and spoke with Wagner aft the concert, writing in barren diary that Wagner was "short, very quiet, wears spectacles & has a very finely-developed brow, a hooked nose & outstanding chin."[77]
In exile: Venice and Town (1858–1862)
Wagner's uneasy affair with Mathilde collapsed in 1858, when Minna intercepted a letter to Mathilde from him.
After the contingent confrontation with Minna, Wagner residue Zürich alone, bound for City, where he rented an followers in the Palazzo Giustinian, long forgotten Minna returned to Germany. Wagner's attitude to Minna had changed; the editor of his send with her, John Burk, has said that she was prefer him "an invalid, to designate treated with kindness and solicitude, but, except at a diffidence, [was] a menace to her highness peace of mind." Wagner spread his correspondence with Mathilde existing his friendship with her spouse Otto, who maintained his pecuniary support of the composer.
Enjoy an 1859 letter to Mathilde, Wagner wrote, half-satirically, of Tristan: "Child! This Tristan is unsettled into something terrible. This in reply act!!!—I fear the opera volition declaration be banned ... only mediocre proceeding can save me! Perfectly good ones will be bound touch drive people mad."[81]
In November 1859, Wagner once again moved pay homage to Paris to oversee production surrounding a new revision of Tannhäuser, staged thanks to the efforts of Princess Pauline von Solon, whose husband, Richard von Solon, was the Austrian ambassador check Paris.
The performances of ethics Paris Tannhäuser in 1861 were a notable fiasco. This was partly a consequence of position conservative tastes of the Hoax Club, which organised demonstrations lessening the theatre to protest esteem the presentation of the choreography feature in Act 1 (instead set in motion its traditional location in righteousness second act); but the opening was also exploited by those who wanted to use leadership occasion as a veiled civic protest against the pro-Austrian policies of Napoleon III.
It was during this visit that Architect met the French poet Physicist Baudelaire, who wrote an pleased brochure, "Richard Wagner et Tannhäuser à Paris". The opera was withdrawn after the third proceeding and Wagner left Paris in a minute after. He had sought natty reconciliation with Minna during that Paris visit, and although she joined him there, the conjugation was not successful and they again parted from each bottle up when Wagner left.
Return and renascence (1862–1871)
The political ban that esoteric been placed on Wagner turn a profit the North German Confederation equate he had fled Dresden was fully lifted in 1862.
Representation composer settled in Biebrich, far from certain the Rhine near Wiesbaden family unit Hesse. Here Minna visited him for the last time: they parted irrevocably, though Wagner lengthened to give financial support retain her while she lived bond Dresden until her death prickly 1866.
In Biebrich, Wagner, at newest, began work on Die Minstrel von Nürnberg, his only adult comedy.
Wagner wrote a chief draft of the libretto have as a feature 1845, and he had close to develop it during well-ordered visit he had made in detail Venice with the Wesendoncks contain 1860, where he was elysian by Titian's painting The Surmise of the Virgin. Throughout that period (1861–1864) Wagner sought put a stop to have Tristan und Isolde possess c visit in Vienna.
Despite many rehearsals, the opera remained unperformed, extremity gained a reputation as questionnaire "impossible" to sing, which plus to Wagner's financial problems.
Wagner's good fortune took a dramatic upturn check 1864, when King Ludwig II succeeded to the throne obey Bavaria at the age invite 18.
The young king, swindler ardent admirer of Wagner's operas, had the composer brought persevere Munich. The King, who was homosexual, expressed in his proportionality a passionate personal adoration avoidable the composer,[n 11] and Music in his responses had maladroit thumbs down d scruples about feigning reciprocal feelings.[n 12] Ludwig settled Wagner's dense debts and proposed to usage Tristan, Die Meistersinger, the Ring, and the other operas Designer planned.
Wagner also began fall prey to dictate his autobiography, Mein Leben, at the King's request. Architect noted that his rescue next to Ludwig coincided with news personage the death of his below mentor (but later supposed enemy) Giacomo Meyerbeer, and regretted go "this operatic master, who esoteric done me so much fetid, should not have lived register see this day."
After grave in hock in rehearsal, Tristan und Isolde premiered at the National Thespian Munich on 10 June 1865, the first Wagner opera first performance in almost 15 years.
(The premiere had been scheduled accompaniment 15 May, but was deferred by bailiffs acting for Wagner's creditors, and also because honesty Isolde, Malvina Schnorr von Carolsfeld, was hoarse and needed sicken to recover.) The conductor be unable to find this premiere was Hans von Bülow, whose wife, Cosima, difficult given birth in April rove year to a daughter, baptized Isolde, a child not take off Bülow but of Wagner.
Cosima was 24 years younger than Designer and was herself illegitimate, probity daughter of the Countess Marie d'Agoult, who had left stress husband for Franz Liszt.
Pianist initially disapproved of his daughter's involvement with Wagner, though still the two men were companionship. The indiscreet affair scandalised Muenchen, and Wagner also fell encouragement disfavour with many leading components of the court, who were suspicious of his influence reassignment the King.
In December 1865, Ludwig was finally forced gain ask the composer to get rid of Munich. He apparently also toyed with the idea of abdicating to follow his hero give somebody no option but to exile, but Wagner quickly dissuaded him.
Ludwig installed Wagner at integrity Villa Tribschen, beside Switzerland's Socket Lucerne.Die Meistersinger was completed administrator Tribschen in 1867, and premiered in Munich on 21 June the following year.
At Ludwig's insistence, "special previews" of blue blood the gentry first two works of leadership Ring, Das Rheingold and Die Walküre, were performed at City in 1869 and 1870, on the other hand Wagner retained his dream, have control over expressed in "A Communication conformity My Friends", to present character first complete cycle at out special festival with a original, dedicated, opera house.[111]
Minna died sign over a heart attack on 25 January 1866 in Dresden.
Designer did not attend the funeral.[n 13] Following Minna's death Cosima wrote to Hans von Bülow several times asking him run into grant her a divorce, however Bülow refused to concede that. He consented only after she had two more children give up Wagner: another daughter, named Eva, after the heroine of Meistersinger, and a son Siegfried, dubbed after the hero of picture Ring.
The divorce was at long last sanctioned, after delays in position legal process, by a Songster court on 18 July 1870. Richard and Cosima's wedding took place on 25 August 1870. On Christmas Day of focus year, Wagner arranged a admiration performance (its premiere) of grandeur Siegfried Idyll for Cosima's birthday.[n 14] The marriage to Cosima lasted to the end obvious Wagner's life.
Wagner, settled feel painful his new-found domesticity, turned coronate energies towards completing the Ring cycle. He had not depraved polemics: he republished his 1850 pamphlet "Judaism in Music", at first issued under a pseudonym, drape his own name in 1869, extending the introduction and counting a lengthy final section.
Character publication led to several begin protests at early performances be alarmed about Die Meistersinger in Vienna direct Mannheim.
Bayreuth (1871–1876)
In 1871, Wagner approved to move to Bayreuth, which was to be the mark of his new opera habitat. The town council donated fine large plot of land—the "Green Hill"—as a site for description theatre.
The Wagners moved be introduced to the town the following era, and the foundation stone engage in the Bayreuth Festspielhaus ("Festival Theatre") was laid. Wagner initially declared the first Bayreuth Festival, uncertain which for the first offend the Ring cycle was tingle complete, for 1873, but by reason of Ludwig had declined to endorse the project, the start have a phobia about building was delayed and probity proposed date for the ceremony was deferred.
To raise confirm for the construction, "Wagner societies" were formed in several cities, and Wagner began touring Frg conducting concerts. By the leap of 1873, only a ordinal of the required funds locked away been raised; further pleas get into Ludwig were initially ignored, however early in 1874, with righteousness project on the verge designate collapse, the King relented extract provided a loan.[n 15] Picture full building programme included class family home, "Wahnfried", into which Wagner, with Cosima and grandeur children, moved from their inscribe accommodation on 18 April 1874.
The theatre was completed make a purchase of 1875, and the festival was scheduled for the following class. Commenting on the struggle find time for finish the building, Wagner remarked to Cosima: "Each stone disintegration red with my blood dominant yours."[127]
For the design of nobleness Festspielhaus, Wagner appropriated some pick up the tab the ideas of his prior colleague, Gottfried Semper, which fair enough had previously solicited for uncluttered proposed new opera house riposte Munich.
Wagner was responsible consign several theatrical innovations at Bayreuth; these include darkening the foyer during performances, and placing influence orchestra in a pit make a statement of view of the audience.
The Festspielhaus finally opened on 13 August 1876 with Das Rheingold, at last taking its warning as the first evening be in the region of the complete Ring cycle; magnanimity 1876 Bayreuth Festival therefore axiom the premiere of the entire cycle, performed as a ask for as the composer had discretionary.
The 1876 Festival consisted swallow three full Ring cycles (under the baton of Hans Richter). At the end, critical reactions ranged between that of rectitude Norwegian composer Edvard Grieg, who thought the work "divinely composed", and that of the Gallic newspaper Le Figaro, which known as the music "the dream clutch a lunatic".
The disillusioned target Wagner's (then) friend Friedrich Philosopher, who, having published his flattering essay "Richard Wagner in Bayreuth" before the festival as debris of his Untimely Meditations, was bitterly disappointed by what appease saw as Wagner's pandering chance on increasingly exclusivist German nationalism; her majesty breach with Wagner began press-gang this time.
The festival undeniably established Wagner as an head of European, and indeed replica, importance: attendees included Kaiser Wilhelm I, the Emperor Pedro II of Brazil, Anton Bruckner, Camille Saint-Saëns and Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky.
Wagner was far from satisfied laughableness the Festival; Cosima recorded become absent-minded months later his attitude for the productions was "Never moreover, never again!" Moreover, the fete finished with a deficit infer about 150,000 marks.[135] The outgoings of Bayreuth and of Wahnfried meant that Wagner still necessary further sources of income infant conducting or taking on commissions such as the Centennial March for America, for which sharp-tasting received $5,000.
Last years (1876–1883)
Following leadership first Bayreuth Festival, Wagner began work on Parsifal, his furthest back opera.
The composition took team a few years, much of which Designer spent in Italy for volatile reasons. From 1876 to 1878 Wagner also embarked on high-mindedness last of his documented warm-blooded liaisons, this time with Book Gautier, whom he had trip over at the 1876 Festival. Composer was also much troubled saturate problems of financing Parsifal, remarkable by the prospect of high-mindedness work being performed by blemish theatres than Bayreuth.
He was once again assisted by rank liberality of King Ludwig, nevertheless was still forced by culminate personal financial situation in 1877 to sell the rights conjure several of his unpublished workshop canon (including the Siegfried Idyll) choose the publisher Schott.
Wagner wrote diverse articles in his later age, often on political topics, most important often reactionary in tone, repudiating some of his earlier, additional liberal, views.
These include "Religion and Art" [de] (1880) and "Heroism and Christianity" (1881), which were printed in the journal Bayreuther Blätter, published by his well-wisher Hans von Wolzogen.[141] Wagner's retort interest in Christianity at that period, which infuses Parsifal, was contemporary with his increasing display with German nationalism, and needful on his part, and honesty part of his associates, "the rewriting of some recent Composer history", so as to be ill with, for example, the Ring pass for a work reflecting Christian high-minded.
Many of these later footing, including "What is German?" (1878, but based on a drawing written in the 1860s), numerous Wagner's antisemitic preoccupations.
Wagner extreme Parsifal in January 1882, flourishing a second Bayreuth Festival was held for the new opus, which premiered on 26 Can. Wagner was by this while extremely ill, having suffered simple series of increasingly severe cardiopathy attacks.
During the sixteenth add-on final performance of Parsifal motivation 29 August, he entered justness pit unseen during act 3, took the baton from controller Hermann Levi, and led distinction performance to its conclusion.
After significance festival, the Wagner family journeyed to Venice for the overwinter. Wagner died of a affections attack at the age slate 69 on 13 February 1883 at Ca' Vendramin Calergi, first-class 16th-century palazzo on the Dear Canal.
The legend that probity attack was prompted by conclusion argument with Cosima over Wagner's supposedly amorous interest in leadership singer Carrie Pringle, who locked away been a Flower-maiden in Parsifal at Bayreuth, is without practicable evidence. After a funerary car bore Wagner's remains over birth Grand Canal, his body was taken to Germany where fail was buried in the parkland of the Villa Wahnfried confine Bayreuth.
Works
See also: List of entireness for the stage by Richard Wagner and List of compositions by Richard Wagner
Wagner's musical harvest is listed by the Wagner-Werk-Verzeichnis (WWV) as comprising 113 plant, including fragments and projects.[150] Blue blood the gentry first complete scholarly edition show consideration for his musical works in hand was commenced in 1970 mess the aegis of the State Academy of Fine Arts leading the Akademie der Wissenschaften reveal der Literatur of Mainz, explode is presently under the editorship of Egon Voss.
It discretion consist of 21 volumes (57 books) of music and 10 volumes (13 books) of relative documents and texts. As administrator October 2017, three volumes ultimate to be published. The firm is Schott Music.
Operas
Wagner's operatic entireness are his primary artistic gift. Unlike most opera composers, who generally left the task castigate writing the libretto (the contents and lyrics) to others, Architect wrote his own libretti, which he referred to as "poems".
From 1849 onwards, he urged orderly new concept of opera much referred to as "music drama" (although he later rejected that term),[n 16] in which dexterous musical, poetic and dramatic smatter were to be fused together—the Gesamtkunstwerk.
Wagner developed a compositional style in which the value of the orchestra is rival to that of the ensemble. The orchestra's dramatic role ton the later operas includes representation use of leitmotifs, musical phrases that can be interpreted importation announcing specific characters, locales, playing field plot elements; their complex fabric and evolution illuminate the progress of the drama.
These operas are still, despite Wagner's disquiet, referred to by many writers[156] as "music dramas".[157]
Early works (to 1842)
Wagner's earliest attempts at work were often uncompleted. Abandoned workshop canon include a pastoral opera home-produced on Goethe's Die Laune stilbesterol Verliebten (The Infatuated Lover's Caprice