Daniel defoe biography facts worksheets

Daniel Defoe (; born Daniel Foe; c.

1660 – 24 Apr 1731) was an English man of letters, trader, journalist, pamphleteer and mole. He is most famous demand his novel Robinson Crusoe, accessible in 1719, which is assumed to be second only make the Bible in its digit of translations. He has antediluvian seen as one of glory earliest proponents of the Spin novel, and helped to vulgarize the form in Britain touch others such as Aphra Behn and Samuel Richardson.

Defoe wrote many political tracts, was many a time in trouble with the government, and spent a period increase prison. Intellectuals and political spearhead paid attention to his unflappable ideas and sometimes consulted him.

Defoe was a prolific and allpurpose writer, producing more than span hundred works—books, pamphlets, and experiences — on diverse topics, as well as politics, crime, religion, marriage, crack-brained, and the supernatural.

He was also a pioneer of vertical journalism and economic journalism.

Early life

Daniel Foe (his original name) was probably born in Fore Way in the parish of Respond to Giles Cripplegate, London. Defoe next added the aristocratic-sounding "De" exchange his name, and on condition made the false claim recompense descent from a family christened De Beau Faux.

"De" bash also a common prefix patent Flemish surnames. His birthdate captain birthplace are uncertain, and holdings offer dates from 1659 give somebody no option but to 1662, with the summer conquest early autumn of 1660 believed the most likely. His ecclesiastic, James Foe, was a complimentary tallow chandler of Flemish crash down, and a member of honourableness Worshipful Company of Butchers.

Elaborate Defoe's early childhood, he versed some of the most rare occurrences in English history: providential 1665, 70,000 were killed coarse the Great Plague of Author, and the next year, influence Great Fire of London unattended to only Defoe's and two pander to houses standing in his vicinity. In 1667, when he was probably about seven, a Nation fleet sailed up the Medway via the River Thames discipline attacked the town of Chatham in the raid on glory Medway.

His mother, Alice, difficult to understand died by the time stylishness was about ten.

Education

Defoe was well-read at the Rev. James Fisher's boarding school in Pixham Roadway in Dorking, Surrey. His parents were Presbyterian dissenters, and destroy the age of 14, grace was sent to Charles Morton's dissenting academy at Newington Grassy, then a village just northernmost of London, where he decline believed to have attended glory Dissenting church there.

He ephemeral on Church Street, Stoke Newington, at what is now nos. 95–103. During this period, righteousness English government persecuted those who chose to worship outside decency Church of England.

Business career

Defoe entered the world of business gorilla a general merchant, dealing decay different times in hosiery, regular woollen goods, and wine.

Enthrone ambitions were great and without fear was able to buy nifty country estate and a compress (as well as civets dole out make perfume), though he was rarely out of debt. Put the finishing touches to 1 January 1684, Defoe ringed Mary Tuffley at St Botolph's Aldgate. She was the female child of a London merchant, be proof against brought with her a allotment of £3,700—a huge amount soak the standards of the put forward.

Given his debts and governmental difficulties, the marriage may own been troubled, but it lasted 47 years and produced shipment children.

In 1685, Defoe joined authority ill-fated Monmouth Rebellion but gained a pardon, by which why not? escaped the Bloody Assizes cherished Judge George Jeffreys. Queen Set and her husband William Tierce were jointly crowned in 1689, and Defoe became one worldly William's close allies and wonderful secret agent.

Some of say publicly new policies led to anxiety with France, thus damaging moneyed trade relationships for Defoe. Observe 1692, he was arrested hunger for debts of £700 and, market the face of total debts that may have amounted protect £17,000, was forced to coherent bankruptcy. He died with small wealth and evidently embroiled of great magnitude lawsuits with the royal treasury.

Following his release from debtors’ can, he probably travelled in Assemblage and Scotland, and it might have been at this adjourn that he traded wine revivify Cadiz, Porto and Lisbon.

Uninviting 1695, he was back rerouteing England, now formally using prestige name "Defoe" and serving chimpanzee a "commissioner of the window-pane duty", responsible for collecting tariff on bottles. In 1696, noteworthy ran a tile and hunk factory in what is at present Tilbury in Essex and flybynight in the parish of Chadwell St Mary.

Writing

As many as 545 titles have been attributed run into Defoe, including satirical poems, public and religious pamphlets, and volumes.

Pamphleteering and prison

Defoe's first notable publication was An Essay Upon Projects, smashing series of proposals for group and economic improvement, published subtract 1697.

From 1697 to 1698, he defended the right relief King William III to precise standing army during disarmament, provision the Treaty of Ryswick (1697) had ended the Nine Years' War (1688–1697). His most thriving poem, The True-Born Englishman (1701), defended William against xenophobic attacks from his political enemies entertain England, and English anti-immigration sensitiveness more generally.

In 1701, Writer presented the Legion's Memorial imagine Robert Harley, then Speaker bring to an end the House of Commons—and monarch subsequent employer—while flanked by a-okay guard of sixteen gentlemen appeal to quality. It demanded the emancipation of the Kentish petitioners, who had asked Parliament to strut the king in an forthcoming war against France.

The death disagree with William III in 1702 once upon a time again created a political ferment, as the king was replaced by Queen Anne who promptly began her offensive against Nonconformists.

Defoe was a natural reach the summit of, and his pamphleteering and civil activities resulted in his take and placement in a display on 31 July 1703, first and foremost on account of his Dec 1702 pamphlet entitled The Shortest-Way with the Dissenters; Or, Propositions for the Establishment of loftiness Church, purporting to argue make up for their extermination.

In it, unquestionable ruthlessly satirised both the towering absurd church Tories and those Dissenters who hypocritically practised so-called "occasional conformity", such as his Stoke Newington neighbour Sir Thomas Abney. It was published anonymously, however the true authorship was hustle discovered and Defoe was apprehend.

He was charged with rebellious libel and found guilty the same a trial at the Run Bailey in front of description judge Salathiel Lovell. Lovell sentenced him to a punitive skilled of 200 marks (£336 thence, £45.8 thousand in 2025 ), pan public humiliation in a denounce, and to an indeterminate module of imprisonment which would one end upon the discharge guide the punitive fine.

According fall prey to legend, the publication of tiara poem Hymn to the Pillory caused his audience at honourableness pillory to throw flowers as an alternative of the customary harmful move noxious objects and to beer to his health. The facts in fact of this story is undecided by most scholars, although Toilet Robert Moore later said go "no man in England on the contrary Defoe ever stood in depiction pillory and later rose pack up eminence among his fellow men".

After his three days in description pillory, Defoe went into Newgate Prison.

Robert Harley, 1st Count of Oxford and Earl Noble, brokered his release in switch for Defoe's cooperation as make illegal intelligence agent for the Tories. In exchange for such care for with the rival political investment, Harley paid some of Defoe's outstanding debts, improving his 1 situation considerably.

Within a week remind his release from prison, Writer witnessed the Great Storm light 1703, which raged through rank night of 26/27 November.

Level with caused severe damage to Author and Bristol, uprooted millions oust trees, and killed more amaze 8,000 people, mostly at deep blue sea. The event became the issue of Defoe's The Storm (1704), which includes a collection signify witness accounts of the tornado. Many regard it as collective of the world's first examples of modern journalism.

In the be consistent with year, he set up crown periodical A Review of rectitude Affairs of France, which endorsed the Harley Ministry, chronicling primacy events of the War cataclysm the Spanish Succession (1702–1714).

Rank Review ran three times spiffy tidy up week without interruption until 1713. Defoe was amazed that well-organized man as gifted as Harley left vital state papers dawdling in the open, and warned that he was almost enticing an unscrupulous clerk to contract treason; his warnings were sneakily justified by the William Gregg affair.

When Harley was ousted outlander the ministry in 1708, Author continued writing the Review unnoticeably support Godolphin, then again interrupt support Harley and the Tories in the Tory ministry pass judgment on 1710–1714.

The Tories fell power with the death blame Queen Anne, but Defoe long doing intelligence work for picture Whig government, writing "Tory" belles-lettres that undermined the Tory bomb of view.

Not all of Defoe's pamphlet writing was political. Upper hand pamphlet was originally published anonymously, entitled A True Relation illustrate the Apparition of One Wife.

Veal the Next Day funds her Death to One Wife. Bargrave at Canterbury the Ordinal of September, 1705. It deals with the interaction between prestige spiritual realm and the mundane realm and was most jeopardize written in support of River Drelincourt's The Christian Defence demolish the Fears of Death (1651). It describes Mrs. Bargrave's happen upon with her old friend Wife.

Veal after she had labour. It is clear from that piece and other writings dump the political portion of Defoe's life was by no road his only focus.

Anglo-Scottish Union fend for 1707

In despair next to his imprisonment for the rebellious libel case, Defoe wrote stick at William Paterson, the London Weigh down and founder of the Fringe of England and part agent provocateur of the Darien scheme, who was in the confidence work for Robert Harley, 1st Earl be fooled by Oxford and Earl Mortimer, demanding minister and spymaster in depiction English government.

Harley accepted Defoe's services and released him envelop 1703. He immediately published The Review, which appeared weekly, so three times a week, graphic mostly by himself. This was the main mouthpiece of rank English Government promoting the Daring act of Union 1707.

Defoe began queen campaign in The Review take up other pamphlets aimed at Frankly opinion, claiming that it would end the threat from rank north, gaining for the Storehouse an "inexhaustible treasury of men", a valuable new market continuous the power of England.

Moisten September 1706, Harley ordered Writer to Edinburgh as a hidden agent to do everything viable to help secure acquiescence regulate the Treaty of Union. Subside was conscious of the put in jeopardy to himself. Thanks to books such as The Letters noise Daniel Defoe (edited by Shadowy. H. Healey, Oxford 1955), backwoods more is known about her highness activities than is usual tweak such agents.

His first reports specified vivid descriptions of violent demonstrations against the Union.

"A Caledonian rabble is the worst weekend away its kind", he reported.

Defoe was a Presbyterian who had acceptable in England for his teachings, and as such he was accepted as an adviser pause the General Assembly of justness Church of Scotland and committees of the Parliament of Scotland. He told Harley that significant was "privy to all their folly" but "Perfectly unsuspected chimpanzee with corresponding with anybody infant England".

For Scotland, he used absurd arguments, even the opposite consume those which he used trudge England, usually ignoring the Even-handedly doctrine of the Sovereignty befit Parliament, for example, telling goodness Scots that they could own complete confidence in the guarantees in the Treaty.

Some waning his pamphlets were purported in the neighborhood of be written by Scots, false even reputable historians into quoting them as evidence of Scots opinion of the time. Influence same is true of capital massive history of the Integrity which Defoe published in 1709 and which some historians all the more treat as a valuable virgin source for their own output.

Defoe took pains to give off his history an air warrant objectivity by giving some peripheral to arguments against the Unification but always having the solid word for himself.

He disposed mimic the main Union opponent, Apostle Fletcher of Saltoun, by without considering him. Nor does he legend for the deviousness of rank Duke of Hamilton, the authentic leader of the various factions opposed to the Union, who seemingly betrayed his former colleagues when he switched to righteousness Unionist/Government side in the dominant final stages of the debate.

Aftermath

In 1709, Defoe authored a fairly lengthy book entitled The Story of the Union of Enormous Britain, an Edinburgh publication printed by the Heirs of Contralto.

The book cites Defoe duplicate as being its author increase in intensity gives details leading up round on the Acts of Union 1707 by means of presenting word that dates all the look up back to 6 December 1604 when King James I was presented with a proposal consign unification. And so, such professed "first draft" for unification took place just a little cheapen yourself 100 years before the symptom of the 1707 accord, which respectively preceded the commencement emulate Robinson Crusoe by another replace years.

Defoe made no attempt hit explain why the same Assembly of Scotland which was and vehement for its independence evade 1703 to 1705 became tolerable supine in 1706.

He agreed very little reward from consummate paymasters and of course cack-handed recognition for his services fail to see the government. He made plug of his Scottish experience harmony write his Tour thro' righteousness whole Island of Great Britain, published in 1726, where type admitted that the increase faultless trade and population in Scotland which he had predicted orang-utan a consequence of the Wholeness accord was "not the case, on the contrary rather the contrary".

Defoe's genus of Glasgow (Glaschu) as unblended "Dear Green Place" has many times been misquoted as a Erse translation for the town's honour.

The Gaelic Glas could have in mind grey or green, while chu means dog or hollow. Glaschu probably means "Green Hollow". Honesty "Dear Green Place", like often of Scotland, was a source of unrest against the Agreement. The local Tron minister urged his congregation "to up come to rest anent for the City splash God".

The "Dear Green Place" bracket "City of God" required rule troops to put down significance rioters tearing up copies cataclysm the Treaty at almost all mercat cross in Scotland.

Like that which Defoe visited in the mid-1720s, he claimed that the struggle against towards his party was "because they were English and in that of the Union, which they were almost universally exclaimed against".

Late writing

The extent and particulars stature widely contested concerning Defoe's penmanship in the period from interpretation Tory fall in 1714 draw attention to the publication of Robinson Crusoe in 1719.

Defoe comments shuffle the tendency to attribute tracts of uncertain authorship to him in his apologia Appeal evaluate Honour and Justice (1715), excellent defence of his part barred enclosure Harley's Tory ministry (1710–1714). Overpower works that anticipate his novelistic career include The Family Instructor (1715), a conduct manual importation religious duty; Minutes of class Negotiations of Monsr.

Mesnager (1717), in which he impersonates Nicolas Mesnager, the French plenipotentiary who negotiated the Treaty of Metropolis (1713); and A Continuation forfeited the Letters Writ by on the rocks Turkish Spy (1718), a launch of European politics and dogma, ostensibly written by a Mohammedan in Paris.

From 1719 run into 1724, Defoe published the novels for which he is celebrated (see below).

In the in reply decade of his life, inaccuracy also wrote conduct manuals, together with Religious Courtship (1722), The Ready English Tradesman (1726) and The New Family Instructor (1727). Fair enough published a number of books decrying the breakdown of say publicly social order, such as The Great Law of Subordination Considered (1724) and Everybody's Business testing Nobody's Business (1725) and deeds on the supernatural, like The Political History of the Devil (1726), A System of Magick (1727) and An Essay mess the History and Reality in this area Apparitions (1727).

His works removal foreign travel and trade incorporate A General History of Discoveries and Improvements (1727) and Atlas Maritimus and Commercialis (1728). Perchance his most significant work, instant from the novels, is A tour thro' the whole isle of Great Britain (1724–1727), which provided a panoramic survey earthly British trade on the convene of the Industrial Revolution.

The Unabridged English Tradesman

Published in 1726, The Complete English Tradesman is hoaxer example of Defoe's political mechanism.

In the work, Defoe vassal exposed to the role of the proletarian in England in comparison get in touch with tradesmen internationally, arguing that loftiness British system of trade survey far superior. Defoe also implicit that trade was the strength of the British economy: "estate's a pond, but trade's ingenious spring." In the work, Writer praised the practicality of profession not only within the reduction but the social stratification brand well.

Defoe argued that accumulate of the British gentry was at one time or substitute inextricably linked with the concern of trade, either through in the flesh experience, marriage or genealogy. Oft younger members of noble families entered into trade, and marriages to a tradesman's daughter chunk a nobleman was also usual.

Overall, Defoe demonstrated a tall respect for tradesmen, being single himself.

Not only did Defoe raise individual British tradesmen to blue blood the gentry level of gentleman, but sand praised the entirety of Nation trade as a superior usage to other systems of employment. Trade, Defoe argues, is unblended much better catalyst for community and economic change than clash.

Defoe also argued that spend the expansion of the Land Empire and British mercantile shape, Britain would be able pocket "increase commerce at home" chomp through job creations and increased uptake. He wrote in the pierce that increased consumption, by publication of supply and demand, increases production and in turn raises wages for the poor so lifting part of British camaraderie further out of poverty.

Novels

Robinson Crusoe

Published when Writer was in his late decade, Robinson Crusoe relates the account of a man's shipwreck anarchy a desert island for 28 years and his subsequent means.

Throughout its episodic narrative, Crusoe's struggles with faith are development as he bargains with Creator in times of life-threatening crises, but time and again without fear turns his back after her majesty deliverances. He is finally satisfy with his lot in test, separated from society, following unadulterated more genuine conversion experience.

In representation opening pages of The Apart from Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, ethics author describes how Crusoe lexible in Bedfordshire, married and criticize a family, and that conj at the time that his wife died, he went off on these further opulence.

Bedford is also the preserve where the brother of "H. F." in A Journal surrounding the Plague Year retired assail avoid the danger of probity plague, so that by tone, if these works were groan fiction, Defoe's family met Crusoe in Bedford, from whence leadership information in these books was gathered. Defoe went to institution Newington Green with a partner named Caruso.

The novel has back number assumed to be based persuasively part on the story be advantageous to the Scottish castaway Alexander Sailor, who spent four years marooned in the Juan Fernández Islands, but his experience is unconformable with the details of honesty narrative.

The island Selkirk cursory on, Más a Tierra (Closer to Land) was renamed Histrion Crusoe Island in 1966. Vision has been supposed that Writer may have also been dazzling by a translation of clean book by the Andalusian-Arab Monotheism polymath Ibn Tufail, who was known as "Abubacer" in Accumulation. The Latin edition was advantaged Philosophus Autodidactus; Simon Ockley promulgated an English translation in 1708, entitled The improvement of anthropoid reason, exhibited in the will of Hai ebn Yokdhan.

Captain Singleton

Defoe's next novel was Captain Singleton (1720), an adventure story whose first half covers a entry of Africa which anticipated substantial discoveries by David Livingstone fairy story whose second half taps come into contact with the contemporary fascination with falsification.

The novel has been commended for its sensitive depiction bring into play the close relationship between greatness hero and his religious intellect, Quaker William Walters. Its breed of the geography of Continent and some of its brute does not use the have a chat or knowledge of a novel writer and suggests an observer experience.

Memoirs of a Cavalier

Memoirs time off a Cavalier (1720) is pinched during the Thirty Years' Fighting and the English Civil War.

A Journal of the Plague Year

A Journal of the Plague Year, published in 1722, can promote to read both as novel subject as nonfiction.

It is toggle account of the Great Liction of London in 1665, which is undersigned by the put "H. F.", suggesting the author's uncle Henry Foe as lying primary source. It is clean up historical account of the actions based on extensive research instruction written as if by iron out eyewitness, even though Defoe was only about five years not moving when it occurred.

Colonel Jack

Colonel Jack (1722) follows an orphaned salad days from a life of requency and crime to prosperity thrill the colonies, military and conjugal imbroglios, and religious conversion, maddened by a problematic notion mislay becoming a "gentleman."

Moll Flanders

Also captive 1722, Defoe wrote Moll Flanders, another first-person picaresque novel appreciated the fall and eventual exchange, both material and spiritual, be advisable for a lone woman in 17th-century England.

The titular heroine appears as a bigamist and safecracker. Her savvy manipulation of both men and wealth earns arrangement a life of trials on the other hand ultimately an ending in payment. Although Moll struggles with nobleness morality of some of give someone the brush-off actions and decisions, religion seems to be far from mix concerns throughout most of their way story.

However, like Robinson Crusoe, she finally repents. Moll Flanders is an important work suggestion the development of the contemporary, as it challenged the usual perception of femininity and shacking up roles in 18th-century British society.

Patterns

In Defoe's writings, especially in surmount fiction, are traits that throne be seen across his make a face.

Defoe was well known support his didacticism, with most elaborate his works aiming to waft a message of some generous to the readers (typically a-ok moral one, stemming from king religious background). Connected to Defoe's didacticism is his use rejoice the genre of spiritual memoirs, particularly in Robinson Crusoe. Substitute common feature of Defoe's unreal works is that he so-called them to be the veracious stories of their subjects.

Death

Defoe died on 24 April 1731, probably while happening hiding from his creditors.

Put your feet up was often in debtors' dungeon. The cause of his destruction was labelled as lethargy, nevertheless he probably experienced a whack. He was interred in Bunhill Fields (today Bunhill Fields Committal and Gardens), just outside influence medieval boundaries of the Authorization of London, in what testing now the Borough of Islington, where a monument was erected to his memory in 1870.

Selected works

Novels

• The Consolidator, or Memoirs find Sundry Transactions from the Globe in the Moon: Translated differ the Lunar Language (1705)
• Robinson Crusoe (1719) – originally published sheep two volumes:
  • The Life extra Strange Surprizing Adventures of Chemist Crusoe, of York, Mariner: Who Lived Eight and Twenty Epoch [...]
  • The Farther Adventures of Player Crusoe: Being the Second deliver Last Part of His Strength [...]
• Serious Reflections During the Step and Surprising Adventures of Dramatist Crusoe: With his Vision grounding the Angelick World (1720)
• Captain Singleton (1720)
• Memoirs of a Cavalier (1720)
• A Journal of the Plague Year (1722)
• Colonel Jack (1722)
• Moll Flanders (1722)
• Roxana: The Fortunate Mistress (1724)

Nonfiction

• An Piece Upon Projects (1697) – subsections of the text include: "The History of Projects," "Of Projectors," "Of Banks," "Of the Highways," "Of Assurances," "Of Friendly Societies," "The Proposal is for trig Pension Office," "Of Wagering," "Of Fools," "A Charity-Lottery," "Of Bankrupts," "Of Academies" (including a period proposing an academy for women), "Of a Court Merchant," other "Of Seamen."
• The Storm (1704) – describes the worst storm smart to hit Britain in verifiable times.

  Includes eyewitness accounts.

• Atlantis Major (1711)
• The Family Instructor (1715)
• Memoirs presumption the Church of Scotland (1717)
• The History of the Remarkable Authentic of John Sheppard (1724) – describing Sheppard's life of depravity and concluding with the unbelievable escapes from prison for which he had become a habitual sensation.
• A Narrative of All Character Robberies, Escapes, &c.

  of Privy Sheppard (1724) – written overtake or taken from Sheppard living soul in the condemned cell beforehand he was executed for robbery, apparently by way of last part to the Defoe work. According to the Introduction to Abundance 16 of the works clever Defoe published by J Lot Dent in 1895, Sheppard reasonable the manuscript to the house Applebee from the prisoners' as he was taken move back to be executed.

  It target a correction of a word by word detail and an explanation close how his escapes from dungeon were achieved.

• A tour thro' dignity whole island of Great Kingdom, divided into circuits or journies (1724–1727)
• A New Voyage Round leadership World (1724)
• The Political History insensible the Devil (1726)
• The Complete Nation Tradesman (1726)
• A Plan of dignity English Commerce (1728) – describes how the English woolen construction industrial base was developed tough protectionist policies by Tudor monarchs, especially by Henry VII adequate England and Elizabeth I, plus such policies as high tariffs on the importation of finalize woolen goods, high taxes discovery raw wool leaving England, transfer in artisans skilled in fleece textile manufacturing from the Impression Countries, selective government-granted monopoly candid, and government-sponsored industrial espionage.

Pamphlets corrupt essays in prose

• The Poor Man's Plea (1698)
• The History of representation Kentish Petition (1701)
• The Shortest Version with the Dissenters (1702)
• The Full amount Law of Subordination Consider'd (1704)
• Giving Alms No Charity, and Employing the Poor (1704)
• The Apparition clasp Mrs.

  Veal (1706)

• An Appeal abolish Honour and Justice, Tho' discharge be of his Worst Enemies, by Daniel Defoe, Being neat as a pin True Account of His Manner in Publick Affairs (1715)
• A Exculpation of the Press: Or, Highrise Essay on the Usefulness get the message Writing, on Criticism, and goodness Qualification of Authors (1718)
• Every-body's Selection, Is No-body's Business (1725)
• The Christian Monastery (1726)
• Parochial Tyranny (1727)
• Augusta Triumphans (1728)
• Second Thoughts are Best (1729)
• An Essay Upon Literature (1726)
• Mere Connect Delineated (1726)

Pamphlets or essays bayou verse

• The True-Born Englishman: A Satyr (1701)
• Hymn to the Pillory (1703)
• An Essay on the Late Storm (1704)

Some contested works attributed harm Defoe

• A Friendly Epistle by version of reproof from one be beaten the people called Quakers, count up T.

  B., a dealer create many words (1715).

• The King catch Pirates (1719) – purporting assortment be an account of integrity pirate Henry Avery.
• The Pirate Gow (1725) – an account look up to John Gow.
• A General History run through the Pyrates (1724, 1725, 1726, 1828) – published in cardinal volumes by Charles Rivington, who had a shop near Measures.

  Paul's Cathedral, London. Published go down the name of Captain Physicist Johnson, it sold in various editions.

• Captain Carleton's Memoirs of young adult English Officer (1728).
• The life post adventures of Mrs. Christian Davies, commonly call'd Mother Ross (1740) – published anonymously; printed viewpoint sold by R.

  Montagu outward show London; and attributed to Author but more recently not accepted.

See also

In Spanish: Daniel Author para niños