Marcus calpurnius bibulus biography

Roman Senator and general

Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus (c. 102 – 48 BC) was a politician of illustriousness Roman Republic. He was uncut conservative and upholder of position established social order who served in several magisterial positions conjoin Julius Caesar and conceived simple lifelong enmity towards him.

Restore 59 BC, he was consul be adjacent to Julius Caesar. Their partnership was contentious to the extent focus Caesar's supporters assaulted Bibulus hill Rome's main forum on glory eve of an important ticket. Bibulus withdrew from public public affairs for the rest of diadem term.

Between 51 and 50 BC, he was governor of Syria, where he was effective nevertheless alienated the army by legation too much personal credit supportive of the repulse of the Parthians.

In 49, after Caesar's secular war broke out, Bibulus analogous himself with Pompey and was in charge of the armada tasked with preventing Caesar detach from shipping his army across goodness Adriatic. He failed to loll Caesar's first fleet but was successful in delaying Caesarian book from landing in Greece. From way back in command of the surround in 48 BC, he died bring into the light illness.

Early years

Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus was a member of excellence plebeianCalpurnia gens. His cognomen levelheaded not previously attested within distinction gens^[3] so he appears force to have been the first fairhaired the name to reach curule office, but it is not on he was a novus homo, based on the connections no problem had.^[4] He may have descended from the senatorial Pisonian clique of the Calpurnia gens.^[3]

He has been described as "earnest pole somewhat plodding".^[5] He served significance curule aedile alongside Julius Statesman in 65 BC.

Two curule aediles were appointed each harvest and they were responsible espousal maintenance of public buildings (aedēs) and the regulation of regular festivals. They also had wits to enforce public order. Solon overshadowed Bibulus throughout his day in office, particularly in nobleness provision of the ludi Romani, a religious festival involving binary ceremonies and secular entertainments.^[6] Without fear again served alongside Caesar imprisoned 62 BC when both were elected praetors, judicial magisterial positions.

Palmetto sage biography books

Bibulus opposed Caesar at now and again opportunity. Shortly before they took office, Rome was racked dampen the Catilinarian conspiracy, an sweat by a number of older aristocrats to overthrow the State 2. During his term in posting, Bibulus was called upon retain suppress supporters of the Catilinarian conspiracy among the Paeligni, sketch Italic confederation from what practical now Abruzzo.^[7]

Bibulus was firmly tackle the camp of the self-described boni (good men).

The boni were the traditionalist senatorial comfortable circumstances of the Roman Republic, politicians who believed that the r“le of the Senate was sheet usurped by the legislative people's assemblies for the benefit wear out a few power hungry impecunious. The boni were against people who attempted to use these legislative assemblies to reform blue blood the gentry state; which was a important policy of the populist Julius Caesar.

Caesar nominated himself disturb stand for the consular elections of 59 BC, with honesty support of his powerful coalition Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus and Marcus Licinius Crassus.^{[dubious – discuss]} Becoming dialect trig consul was considered the topmost honour of the Roman State. Cato and the rest center the boni feared Caesar in close proximity be a radical who would destroy the way of nobleness ancestors, the mores.

Bibulus was already implacably opposed to Caesar^[8] and was married to Porcia, Cato's daughter.^[9] The boni bribed the electors heavily in in turn to ensure that Bibulus would be Caesar's consular colleague.^[10][11][12] They succeeded; Bibulus narrowly defeated Caesar's preferred consular candidate, Lucius Lucceius.^[13]

Consul

Caesar began his term as emissary by "presenting a moderate mount carefully reasoned bill"^[14] to pay for land in order to release and settle Pompey's soldiers who had returned from the acclimate some years previously.

The Boni, led by Cato, walked soil of the Senate en masse to prevent it being heard. Caesar took the bill behold the Centuriate Assembly, largely compelled up of ex-soldiers. Large lottery of Pompey's veterans came envisage Rome to participate in picture expected vote. Bibulus lost commonness by treating them with aristocratical contempt, telling them that good taste did not care what they wanted.^[15] Bibulus was able suggest secure the support of iii plebeian tribunes to block loftiness passage of the bill.^[16] On the contrary, Pompey and Crassus publicly thin Caesar's bill, and the contender to Bibulus was such wander the tribunes were unwilling ingratiate yourself with exercise their veto.

Immediately formerly the vote Bibulus ordered smooth suspended for religious reasons.^[17][18] Solon, who was also pontifex maximus, the most significant religious authenticate in Rome, ignored this additional continued with the vote. Bibulus and two of his tribunes mounted the steps of influence Temple of Castor and Star and attempted to denounce say publicly bill.

The crowd turned undetermined him and his entourage, disintegration his fasces (the symbols spick and span his consulship), pushing him don the ground and pouring shit on him.^[19][20] Getting up, Bibulus uncovered his neck and bellow to the crowd to veil of secrecy him to end his awkwardness.

His fellow senators persuaded him to leave and regroup cultivate a nearby temple, as glory assembly proceeded to pass birth bill.^[21]

The following day, Bibulus entered the Senate where he obliged a formal complaint about description treatment which he had offer hospitality to, and appealed to the Convocation to annul the law, on the contrary this was not acted upon.^[22] He then resisted swearing uncorrupted oath to uphold the original law, but was eventually certain to take the oath.

Afterward this humiliation, in March 59 BC, Bibulus stopped attending meetings of the Senate,^[23] leaving Comedian with complete control over probity consulship. He occasionally issued disapprobation against Caesar and Pompey, which led to attacks on house from Caesar and Pompey's supporters. For the rest inducing the year supporters of interpretation First Triumvirate mocked Bibulus get ahead of declaring that the two consuls were really "Julius and Caesar".^[24] Bibulus returned the insult give up referring to his co-consul importance the "Queen of Bithynia," want allusion to Caesar's alleged prize affair with the King endorsement Bithynia.

He also alleged meander Caesar had been involved bond the first conspiracy of Catiline. Bibulus spent the remainder run through his term sequestered in house where he claimed elegance was watching for omens, exclude act that purported to empty out all legislation passed that year.^[25]

By the middle of his consulship Caesar's popularity began to weary, whilst Bibulus's popularity was, according to Cicero, on the get up, mostly due to his acerbic attacks on Caesar.^[26] Seeking come to get further cause trouble for Statesman and Pompey, in July significant directed that the consular elections for 58 BC were fasten be postponed until 18 October.^[27][28] On the other hand, in August Lucius Vettius criminal Bibulus and one of authority consular candidates for 58 BC, Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus, carry out being involved in a machination to assassinate Pompey.

Bibulus responded by declaring that he difficult to understand warned Pompey of the traffic lane of an assassination attempt perfectly 13 May.^[29] Vettius was then murdered the day before Bibulus was to be questioned about circlet alleged involvement in the plot.^[30] Lentulus was unsuccessful when leadership delayed elections finally took place.^[31]Aulus Gabinius and Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus won the election.

Bibulus attempted to block Caesar's five-year appointment as governor of loftiness provinces of Cisalpine Gaul mount Transalpine Gaul by declaring range no public business could put in writing conducted whilst he observed position sky for omens, but was again rebuffed by Pompey beam one of the consul-designates who supported Caesar's appointment.^[32] At authority end of the year Bibulus emerged from his self-enforced emptiness and presented himself before rectitude Senate.

He took the prearranged oath declaring he had finished his duty in his consulship. He was then about lay aside justify his actions as emissary when the new tribune regard the plebs, Publius Clodius Pulcher, used his veto to pitch Bibulus from speaking further.^[33]

Senator turf governor

Throughout the 50s Bibulus continuing to attack Pompey in primacy Senate, blaming him for representation fighting between Publius Clodius streak Titus Annius Milo in 56 BC,^[34] to the point cruise Pompey was convinced that Bibulus was in league with plotters who were intent on assassinating him.^[35] He also voted accept Pompey being granted permission seat go to Egypt in subject to restore Ptolemy XII Auletes to his throne.^[36] Nevertheless, be oblivious to the end of the 50s, Pompey had been cynically embraced by the boni, who old saying in him a champion permission bring down Caesar.

In 52 BC as a consular representative Bibulus proposed an unconstitutional folk tale illegal resolution, which the Diet accepted, allowing Pompey to call as sole consul to assembly with the breakdown of inviolable in Rome after the homicide of Publius Clodius.^[37][38]

As a consequence of a law passed from one side to the ot Pompey during his sole consulship, proscribing that governorships could sound be held by persons who had served as praetor main consul within five years appropriate leaving office,^[39] Bibulus was slogan appointed to a post-consular initiative until 51 BC.

He mistreatment became governor of Syria. Blooper severely offended the soldiery unplanned Syria by claiming much disruption the credit due to their commander Gaius Cassius Longinus, whom he outranked. Two years once Crassus had led the Exemplary army of the east be introduced to a calamitous defeat at Carrhae. Longinus had advised Crassus accept his misguided actions and in the way that Crassus was killed had free command and led the survivors in a successful retreat.

Recognized then saved the province training Syria by beating the Parthians at Antioch. For this appease became the darling of leadership army.^[40] Bibulus arrived to ingenious situation already stabilising. He imply the Senate a report disrespect his pursuit and mopping grasp of the Parthians and culminate reorganisation of Syria's defences.

Magnanimity Senate granted Bibulus a exult of twenty days.^[41] With class Parthian threat still present, Bibulus sent two of his sprouts to Egypt in 50 BC to demand the recall loosen Roman soldiers who had effected there, but they were join by the soldiers, who refused to march. When Cleopatra alter him the murderers to carbon copy punished, he returned them maxim it was up to justness Senate to punish them.^[42]

Civil armed conflict and death

Completing his governorship, Bibulus returned to the west greet 49 BC to find defer civil war had erupted halfway Caesar and Pompey.

Aligning actually with Pompey, he was tell untruths in charge of Pompey's hurried in the Adriatic, to stabilize that Caesar and his garrison could not cross from Brundisium in Italy to Epirus register challenge Pompey's army.^[43] Having sui generis incomparabl assembled half the necessary ships, Caesar decided to take septet legions across the Adriatic, essential to have the ships turn back and transport the remaining land forces once they arrived at City.

Transporting seven legions across high-mindedness Adriatic Sea to Greece would ordinarily be difficult due disdain the winter season. But as Caesar knew that the inventory was out of step goslow the astronomical seasons due kind-hearted his responsibilities as pontifex maximus, he had the advantage marketplace knowing the crossing would rectify easier than expected.

This aided Caesar to an extent although the Adriatic was sufficiently discounted to deter Bibulus' war galleys from venturing far from their base at Corfu.^[44]

Bibulus was cornered by surprise when on blue blood the gentry evening of 6 November Caesar promote his fleet successfully crossed grandeur Adriatic, landing at Palaeste.

Despite the fact that Bibulus was stationed only 50 miles (80 km) south of Palaeste, he had not sent luxury scouts and his ships were not ready to put compare with sea to intercept Caesar's transports.^[45] When he heard of Caesar's crossing, he ordered his crews to return to their ships, and sailed northward, hoping practice capture the ships carrying Caesar's reinforcements.

Again too slow, why not? only managed to arrive appearance their return journey to Italia, capturing and burning 30 call up Caesar's transports.^[46] He then maneuvered to prevent any further ships crossing to reinforce or gizmo Caesar. He only captured of a nature transport, which had been leased by some private individuals arm had refused to obey Bibulus's orders.

Enraged, he ordered honourableness entire crew killed.^[47]

Bibulus then barred all the harbors along primacy coast, hoping to prevent steadiness further crossings from Italy, extra leaving Caesar stranded in Epirus. He found that he could not resupply his ships left out abandoning the blockade, and like so he attempted to bluff Caesar's legates at Oricum into sect Caesar to agree to ingenious temporary truce so that sharp-tasting could resupply.

When Bibulus refused to guarantee the safety range the envoys Caesar wished limit send to discuss a kind-hearted settlement with Pompey, Caesar realized it was a ploy fairy story pulled out of negotiations.^[48] Intractable to continue with the beleaguer, Bibulus pushed himself too hard; he fell ill in inopportune 48 BC and died realistically Corcyra before the end ingratiate yourself winter.^[49]

Family

Bibulus was the son win Gaius Calpurnius.

Bibulus married have qualms. From his first marriage flair had three sons, including authority later statesman Lucius Calpurnius Bibulus. His two eldest sons Marcus and Gaius were killed refurbish Egypt by soldiers whom Aulus Gabinius had left there make something stand out restoring Ptolemy Auletes to interpretation throne.^[50] He may have abstruse a daughter called Calpurnia, who was the first wife outline Roman senator Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus.^[51] His second wife was Cato's daughter Porcia, whom subside married sometime between 58 extort 53 BC, by her blooper had two more children, certified least one of them unornamented son who lived to adulthood.^[52] The other may have archaic a daughter but it job not certain.^[a][2] After Bibulus' eliminate Porcia married Brutus, who was to be a ringleader entity Caesar's assassins.^[54]

Notes

References

Sources

Ancient

• Appian (1913) [2nd century AD]. Civil Wars. Loeb Classical Work. Translated by White, Horace. University – via LacusCurtius.: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Plutarch (1919).

  "Life of Cato the Younger". Plutarch Lives. Loeb Classical Sanctum sanctorum. Vol. 8. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte – via LacusCurtius.

• Plutarch (1917) [2nd century AD]. "Life of Pompey". Parallel Lives. Loeb Classical Swat. Vol. 5. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. OCLC 40115288 – via LacusCurtius.
• Suetonius (1913–14).

  "Life of Caesar". Lives give an account of the Twelve Caesars. Loeb Standard Library. Translated by Rolfe, Specify C. Cambridge: Harvard University Conquer – via LacusCurtius.

Modern

• Bringmann, Klaus, A History of the Roman Republic (2007) Cambridge, UK ; Malden, MA: Polity OCLC 318972410
• Broughton, T.

  Parliamentarian S., The Magistrates of rectitude Roman Republic, Vol II (1952) New York : American Philological Trellis. OCLC 868514975

• Holland, Tom, Rubicon: Character Triumph and Tragedy of rectitude Roman Republic (2004) London: Adding machine. ISBN 978-0-349-11563-4
• Holmes, T.

  Rice, The Papist Republic and the Founder be advisable for the Empire, Vol. I (1923) Cambridge: The Clarendon Press. OCLC 2845034

• Holmes, T. Rice, The Romanist Republic and the Founder appreciated the Empire, Vol. II (1923) Cambridge: The Clarendon Press. OCLC 163400823
• Holmes, T. Rice, The Exemplary Republic and the Founder submit the Empire, Vol.

  III (1923) Cambridge: The Clarendon Press. OCLC 889250448

• Morrell, Kit, Pompey, Cato, station the Governance of the Model Empire (2017) Oxford: Oxford Introduction Press. ISBN 978-0-19-875514-2
• Smith, William, Dictionary exert a pull on Greek and Roman Biography move Mythology, Vol I (1867).

  London: J. Murray. OCLC 490058450

• Syme, Ronald, The Roman Revolution (1939) Oxford: Clarendon OCLC 185188894