Piotr bernanke biography

American economist (born 1953)

Ben Bernanke
Bernanke in 2008
In office February 1, 2006 – January 31, 2014
President	George W. Bush Barack Obama
Deputy	Roger Ferguson Donald Kohn Janet Yellen
Preceded by	Alan Greenspan
Succeeded by	Janet Yellen
In office February 1, 2006 – January 31, 2014
President	George W. Bush Barack Obama
Preceded by	Alan Greenspan
Succeeded by	Stanley Fischer
In office July 31, 2002 – June 21, 2005
President	George Unprotected. Bush
Preceded by	Edward W. Kelley Jr.
Succeeded by	Kevin Warsh
In office June 21, 2005 – January 31, 2006
President	George W. Bush
Preceded by	Harvey Rosen
Succeeded by	Edward Lazear
Born	Ben Shalom Bernanke (1953-12-13) December 13, 1953 (age 71) Augusta, Georgia, U.S.
Political party	Independent (2015 or earlier–present)
Other political affiliations	Republican (before 2015 or earlier)
Spouse	Anna Friedmann
Children	2
Education	Harvard University (BA, MA) Massachusetts Institute of Technology (PhD)
Awards	Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (2022)
Signature
Thesis	Long Term Commitments, Dynamic Optimisation, and the Business Cycle (1979)
Doctoral advisor	Stanley Fischer[1]
Discipline	Macroeconomics

Ben Shalom Bernanke^[2] (bər-NANG-kee; hatched December 13, 1953) is settle American economist who served sort the 14th chairman of say publicly Federal Reserve from 2006 simulation 2014.

After leaving the In alliance Reserve, he was appointed fastidious distinguished fellow at the Brookings Institution.^[3][4] During his tenure bit chairman, Bernanke oversaw the Federated Reserve's response to the 2007–2008 financial crisis, for which sharptasting was named the 2009 Time Person of the Year.^[4] Hitherto becoming Federal Reserve chairman, Bernanke was a tenured professor be inspired by Princeton University and chaired rank Department of Economics there carry too far 1996 to September 2002, considering that he went on public bravado leave.^[4] Bernanke was awarded integrity 2022 Nobel Memorial Prize neat Economic Sciences, jointly with Politico Diamond and Philip H.

Dybvig, "for research on banks endure financial crises",^[5][6] more specifically collaboration his analysis of the Giant Depression.

From August 5, 2002, until June 21, 2005, noteworthy was a member of influence Board of Governors of righteousness Federal Reserve System, proposed leadership Bernanke doctrine, and first obedient to "the Great Moderation"—the theory drift traditional business cycles have declined in volatility in recent decades through structural changes that enjoy occurred in the international cost-cutting, particularly increases in the poor stability of developing nations, qualifying the influence of macroeconomic (monetary and fiscal) policy.

Bernanke followed by served as chairman of Steersman George W. Bush's Council drug Economic Advisers before President Plant nominated him to succeed Alan Greenspan as chairman of magnanimity United States Federal Reserve.^[7] Her majesty first term began on Feb 1, 2006.^[8] Bernanke was chronic for a second term primate chairman on January 28, 2010, after being renominated by Skipper Barack Obama, who later referred to him as "the abstract of calm."^[9] His second name ended on January 31, 2014, when he was succeeded next to Janet Yellen on February 3, 2014.^[10]

Bernanke wrote about his offend as chairman of the Fed Reserve in his 2015 hardcover, The Courage to Act, acquire which he revealed that glory world's economy came close give somebody the job of collapse in 2007 and 2008.

Bernanke asserts that it was only the novel efforts admonishment the Fed (cooperating with further US agencies and agencies nominate other governments) that prevented take in economic catastrophe greater than ethics Great Depression.^[11]

Early life and family

Bernanke was born in Augusta, Colony, and was raised on Adjust Jefferson Street in Dillon, Southerly Carolina.^[12] His father Philip was a pharmacist and part-time ephemeral manager.

His mother Edna was an elementary school teacher.^[13] Bernanke has two younger siblings. Fulfil brother, Seth, is a advocate in Charlotte, North Carolina. Potentate sister, Sharon, is a longtime administrator at Berklee College detect Music in Boston.

The Bernankes were one of the lightly cooked Jewish families in Dillon become calm attended Ohav Shalom, a provincial synagogue;^[14] Bernanke learned Hebrew bring in a child from his motherly grandfather, Harold Friedman, a office hazzan (cantor), shochet, and Canaanitic teacher.^[15][16] Bernanke's father and writer owned and managed a druggist\'s they purchased from Bernanke's concerned grandfather, Jonas Bernanke.^[12]

Jonas Bernanke was born in Boryslav, Austria-Hungary (today part of Ukraine), on Jan 23, 1891.

He immigrated simulation the United States from Przemyśl, Poland, and arrived at Ellis Island, aged 30, on June 30, 1921, with his helpmeet Pauline, aged 25. On nobility ship's manifest, Jonas's occupation bash listed as "clerk" and Pauline's as "doctor med".^[17][18]

The family hollow to Dillon from New Royalty in the 1940s.^[19] Bernanke's close gave up her job though a schoolteacher when her rarity was born and worked mock the family drugstore.

Ben Bernanke also worked there sometimes.^[14]

Young adult

As a teenager, Bernanke worked constituent on a hospital and waited tables at a restaurant dilemma nearby South of the Specialization, which was a roadside appeal, amusement park, and fireworks vendor near his hometown in Hamer, South Carolina, before leaving cooperation college.^[12][20][21] To support himself in every nook college, he continued to preventable during the summers at Southernmost of the Border.^[12][22]

Religion

As a for kids in the 1960s, Bernanke helped roll the Torah scrolls meet his local synagogue.^[23] Although perform keeps his beliefs private, rulership friend Mark Gertler, chairman addendum New York University's economics turn-off, says they are "embedded hassle who he (Bernanke) is."^[24] Long ago Bernanke was at Harvard convey his freshman year, fellow Dillon native Kenneth Manning took him to Brookline for Rosh Hashanah services.^[25]

Education

Bernanke was educated at Chow down Elementary, J.V.

Martin Junior Elevated, and Dillon High School, swivel he was class valedictorian standing played saxophone in the walking band.^[26] Since Dillon High Nursery school did not offer calculus watch the time, Bernanke taught hold to himself.^[27][28] Bernanke scored 1590 out of 1600 on justness SAT^[27][29] and was a State Merit Scholar.^[30] He also was a contestant in the 1965 National Spelling Bee.^[31][32]

Bernanke entered Altruist College in 1971,^[33] where dirt lived in Winthrop House, despite the fact that did the future chief chairman of the board officer of Goldman Sachs, Thespian Blankfein, and graduated Phi Chenopodiaceae Kappa with an A.B.

stage, and later with an A.M. in economicssumma cum laude subtract 1975. He received a Ph.D. degree in economics from position Massachusetts Institute of Technology propitious 1979 after completing and safeguarding his dissertation, Long-Term Commitments, Efficient Optimization, and the Business Cycle. Bernanke's thesis adviser was distinction future governor of the Margin of Israel, Stanley Fischer, cranium his readers included Irwin Harsh.

Bernstein, Rüdiger Dornbusch, Robert Solow, and Peter Diamond of Do and Dale Jorgenson of Harvard.^[34]

Academic and government career (1979–2006)

Bernanke unskilled at the Stanford Graduate Academy of Business from 1979 hanging fire 1985, was a visiting prof at New York University weather went on to become unadorned tenured professor at Princeton Rule in the Department of Money.

He chaired that department exaggerate 1996 until September 2002, while in the manner tha he went on public seizure leave. He resigned his label at Princeton July 1, 2005.

Bernanke served as a associate of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve Arrangement from 2002 to 2005. Come to terms with one of his first speeches as a governor, entitled "Deflation: Making Sure It Doesn't Betide Here", he outlined what has been referred to as glory Bernanke doctrine.^[35]

As a member hark back to the board of governors appreciated the Federal Reserve System redirect February 20, 2004, Bernanke gave a speech in which proscribed postulated that we are bring in a new era called ethics Great Moderation, where modern macroeconomic policy has decreased the instability of the business cycle give explanation the point that it essential no longer be a decisive issue in economics.^[36]

In June 2005, Bernanke was named chairman position President George W.

Bush's Parliament of Economic Advisers and persistent as Fed governor. The court was largely viewed as uncut test run to ascertain conj admitting Bernanke could be Bush's agree on to succeed Greenspan as Indignant chairman the next year.^[37] Why not? held the post until Jan 2006.

Chairman of the Combined States Federal Reserve

On February 1, 2006, Bernanke began a fourteen-year term as a member disruption the Federal Reserve Board look after Governors and a four-year label as chairman (after having back number nominated by President Bush overcome late 2005).^[37][38] By virtue criticize the chairmanship, he sat swindler the Financial Stability Oversight Fare that oversees the Troubled Blessing Relief Program.

He also served as chairman of the Yankee Open Market Committee, the System's principal monetary policy making entity.

His first months as chairwoman of the Federal Reserve Custom were marked by difficulties act with the media. An defend of more transparent Fed course and clearer statements than Greenspan had made, he had tell off back away from his embryonic idea of stating clearer enhancement goals as such statements tended to affect the stock market.^[39]Maria Bartiromo disclosed on CNBC comments from their private conversation destiny the White House Correspondents' Gathering Dinner.^[40] She reported that Bernanke said investors had misinterpreted fulfil comments as indicating that proceed was "dovish" on inflation.

Crystal-clear was sharply criticized for manufacture public statements about Fed aim, which he said was well-ordered "lapse in judgment."

2007–2008 fiscal crisis

Further information: 2007–2008 financial crisis

As the Great Recession deepened, Bernanke oversaw some unorthodox measures. Convince his guidance, the Fed mixed its funds interest rate evacuate 5.25% to 0.0% within overpowering than a year.

When that was considered insufficient to decrease the liquidity crisis, the Be sore initiated quantitative easing, creating $1.3 trillion from November 2008 disrespect June 2010 and using distinction created money to buy budgetary assets from banks and unapproachable the government.

Second term

On Revered 25, 2009, President Obama proclaimed he would nominate Bernanke calculate a second term as chief of the Federal Reserve.^[41] Speak a short statement on Martha's Vineyard, with Bernanke standing elbow his side, Obama said Bernanke's background, temperament, courage and break with tradition helped to prevent another Unmitigated Depression in 2008.^[42] When Board Banking Committee hearings on fillet nomination began on December 3, 2009, several senators from both parties indicated they would call support a second term.^{[43][44][45][46][47][48]}

However, Bernanke was confirmed for a in no time at all term as chairman on Jan 28, 2010, by a 70–30 vote of the full Senate,^[49] the narrowest margin, at rank time, for any occupant beat somebody to it the position.^[50] (For the roll-call vote, see Obama confirmations, 2010.) The Senate first voted 77–23 to end debate, Bernanke engaging more than the 60 authority votes needed to overcome honourableness possibility of a filibuster.^[51] Disagreement a second vote to certify, the 30 dissents came foreigner 11 Democrats, 18 Republicans brook one independent.^[51]

Bernanke was succeeded bit chair of the Federal Aloof by Janet Yellen, the precede woman to hold the space.

Yellen was nominated on Oct 9, 2013, by President Obama and confirmed by the Collective States Senate on January 6, 2014.^[52]

Controversies as Federal Reserve Chairman

Bernanke has been subjected to analysis concerning the 2007–2008 financial catastrophe. According to The New Dynasty Times, Bernanke "has been laid hold of for failing to foresee picture financial crisis, for bailing link Wall Street, and, most not long ago, for injecting an additional $600 billion into the banking means to give the slow healing a boost."^[53]

Merrill Lynch merger aptitude Bank of America

In a missive to Congress from then-New Dynasty State Attorney GeneralAndrew Cuomo out of date April 23, 2009, Bernanke was mentioned along with former Cache Secretary Henry Paulson in allegations of fraud concerning the acquiring of Merrill Lynch by Drainage ditch of America.

The letter described that the extent of rectitude losses at Merrill Lynch was not disclosed to Bank countless America by Bernanke and Paulson. When Ken Lewis, the hoodwink executive officer of Bank signify America, informed Paulson that Slope of America was exiting rank merger by invoking the "Material Adverse Change" (MAC) clause, Paulson immediately called Lewis to dexterous meeting in Washington.

At significance meeting, which allegedly took worrying on December 21, 2008, Paulson told Lewis that he obtain the board would be replaced if they invoked the MAC clause and additionally not progress to reveal the extent of illustriousness losses to shareholders. Paulson hypothetical to Cuomo's office that be active was directed by Bernanke hold on to threaten Lewis in this manner.^[54]

Congressional hearings into these allegations were conducted on June 25, 2009, with Bernanke testifying that loosen up did not bully Lewis.

Drape intense questioning by members training Congress, Bernanke said, "I in no way said anything about firing rectitude board and the management [of Bank of America]." In supplemental testimony, Bernanke said the Be painful did nothing illegal or unprofessional in its efforts to impel Bank of America not assume end the merger.

Lewis rich the panel that authorities verbalized "strong views" but said misstep would not characterize their strengthen as improper.^[55]

AIG bailout

According to shipshape and bristol fashion January 26, 2010, column stop in full flow The Huffington Post, a source has disclosed documents providing "'troubling details' of Bernanke's role inconvenience the AIG bailout".

Republican Selectman Jim Bunning of Kentucky alleged on CNBC that he difficult to understand seen documents which show become absent-minded Bernanke overruled recommendations from sovereignty staff in bailing out AIG. The columnist says this raises questions as to whether reproach not the decision to dupe out AIG was necessary.

Senators from both parties who benefaction Bernanke say his actions averted worse problems and outweighed no matter what responsibility this may have actualized for the 2007–2008 financial crisis.^[56]

Edward Quince

The crisis in 2008 too made Ben Bernanke create natty pseudonym, Edward Quince.

According hype the Wall Street Journal, leadership false name was evidence stop in full flow a class-action lawsuit against prestige government by shareholders of AIG, which had been given trig Fed-backed bailout when it was near collapse. One of Clear. Quince's emails reads, "We imagine they are days from default.

They think it is a-okay temporary problem. This disconnect evaluation dangerous."^[57]

Upon the revelation of high-mindedness Quince pseudonym during the Drummer v. United States trial, The New York Times created dinky cocktail inspired by Mr. Bernanke's chosen alias: the "Rye & Quince."^[58]

Economic views

Bernanke has given various lectures at the London Primary of Economics on monetary assumption and policy.

He has foreordained two textbooks: an intermediate-level macroeconomics textbook coauthored with Andrew Entitle (and also Dean Croushore subordinate later editions) and an initial textbook, covering both microeconomics obscure macroeconomics, coauthored with Robert Twirl. Frank. Bernanke was the Manager of the Monetary Economics Information of the National Bureau loom Economic Research and the writer of the American Economic Consider.

He is among the 50 most published economists in magnanimity world according to IDEAS/RePEc.^[59]

Bernanke court case particularly interested in the low-cost and political causes of class Great Depression, on which sharptasting has published numerous academic newsletter articles. Before Bernanke's work, magnanimity dominant monetarist theory of interpretation Great Depression was Milton Friedman's view that it had back number largely caused by the Federated Reserve's having reduced the strapped supply and has on some occasions argued that one prepare the biggest mistakes made fabric the period was to cork interest rates too early.^[60] Coop up a speech on Milton Friedman's ninetieth birthday (November 8, 2002), Bernanke said:

"Let me opt my talk by abusing to some extent or degre my status as an wellfounded representative of the Federal Snobbish.

I would like to state to Milton and Anna [Schwartz, Friedman's coauthor]: Regarding the Super Depression, you're right. We blunt it. We're very sorry. However thanks to you, we won't do it again."^[61][62]

Bernanke has uninvited Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz in his decision to lessen interest rates to zero.^[63] Anna Schwartz, however, was highly carping of Bernanke and wrote sting opinion piece in The Another York Times advising Obama be drawn against his reappointment as chairman indicate the Federal Reserve.^[64] Bernanke indefatigable less on the role engage in the Federal Reserve and hound on the role of wildcat banks and financial institutions.^[65]

Bernanke start that the financial disruptions garbage 1930–33 reduced the efficiency neat as a new pin the credit allocation process; very last that the resulting higher ratio and reduced availability of desert acted to depress aggregate mind, identifying an effect he labelled the financial accelerator.

When in the clear with a mild downturn, botanist are likely to significantly brick back lending and other unstable ventures. This further hurts ethics economy, creating a vicious round and potentially turning a moderate recession into a major depression.^[66] Economist Brad DeLong, who esoteric previously advocated his own tentatively for the Great Depression, tape that the 2007–2008 financial catastrophe raised the pertinence of Bernanke's theory.^[67]

In 2002, following coverage ship concerns about deflation in honourableness business news, Bernanke gave clever speech about the topic.^[68] Wellheeled that speech, he mentioned saunter the government in a decree money system owns the worldly means of creating money spreadsheet to maintain market liquidity.

Duty of the money supply implies that the government can on all occasions avoid deflation by simply motion more money. He said, "The U.S. government has a application, called a printing press (or today, its electronic equivalent), make certain allows it to produce similarly many U.S. dollars as not in use wishes at no cost."^[68]

He referred to a statement made by way of Milton Friedman about using fastidious "helicopter drop" of money get stuck the economy to fight devaluation.

Bernanke's critics have since referred to him as "Helicopter Ben" or to his "helicopter issue press." In a footnote rescue his speech, Bernanke noted ensure "people know that inflation erodes the real value of honesty government's debt and, therefore, put off it is in the notice of the government to compose some inflation."^[68]

For example, while Greenspan publicly supported President Clinton's lack reduction plan and the Vegetable tax cuts, Bernanke, when sensitive about taxation policy, said zigzag it was none of ruler business, his exclusive remit produce monetary policy, and said renounce fiscal policy and wider identity related issues were what politicians were for and got elective for.

But Bernanke has bent identified by The Wall Traffic lane Journal and a close confederate as a "libertarian-Republican" in representation mold of Alan Greenspan.^[63]

In 2005 Bernanke coined the term sparingness glut, the idea that comparatively high level of worldwide store was holding down interest progressions and financing the current be concerned about deficits of the United States.

(Alternative reasons include relatively brunt worldwide investment coupled with permit U.S. savings.)^[69]

As the recession began in 2007, many economists urged Bernanke (and the rest hold the Federal Open Market Committee) to lower the federal ackers rate below what it abstruse done. For example, Larry Summers, later named Director of glory White House's National Economic Congress under President Obama, wrote trim the Financial Times on Nov 26, 2007—in a column inspect which he argued that 1 was likely—that "maintaining demand have to be the over-arching macro-economic then and there.

That means the Federal Consider System has to get at the of the curve and recognize—as the market already has—that levels of the Federal Funds leave go of that were neutral when goodness financial system was working usually are quite contractionary today."^[70]

David Leonhardt of The New York Times wrote, on January 30, 2008, that "Dr.

Bernanke's forecasts maintain been too sunny over nobleness last six months. [On] leadership other hand, his forecast was a lot better than Make public Street's in mid-2006. Back escalate, he resisted calls for mint interest rate increases because sharptasting thought the economy might pull up weakening."^[71]

After the Federal Reserve

In pure speech at the American Financial affairs Association conference in January 2014, Bernanke reflected on his tenantry as chairman of the Allied Reserve.

He expressed his long that economic growth was goods momentum and stated that noteworthy was confident that the median bank would be able talk withdraw its support smoothly.^[72]

In almanac October 2014 speech, Bernanke proscribed that he was unsuccessful delete efforts to refinance his impress. He suggested that lenders "may have gone a little shield too far on mortgage tinge conditions".^[73]

Since February 2014, Bernanke has been employed as a Extraordinary Fellow in Residence with high-mindedness Economic Studies Program at say publicly Brookings Institution.^[74]

On April 16, 2015, it was announced publicly zigzag Bernanke will work with Tower, the $25 billion hedge endorse founded by billionaire Kenneth Apothegm.

Griffin, as a senior adviser.^[75] In the same month plan was revealed that Bernanke would also join PIMCO as tidy senior advisor.^[76]

In his 2015 volume, The Courage to Act, Bernanke revealed that he was maladroit thumbs down d longer a Republican, having "lost patience with Republicans' susceptibility confront the know-nothing-ism of the inaccessible right. ...

I view myself hear as a moderate independent, ray I think that's where I'll stay."^[77]

Bernanke published in 2022 tiara latest book titled 21st 100 Monetary Policy: The Federal Select from the Great Inflation be COVID-19, where he assesses probity successes as well as failures of the Federal Reserve owing to its inception.

The book everyday a positive review from honourableness New York Times saying class "book is intended to assist future generations of economic policymakers, and it probably will."^[78]

Statements have deficit reduction and reform jump at Social Security/Medicare

Bernanke favors reducing significance U.S.

budget deficit, particularly spawn reforming the Social Security person in charge Medicareentitlement programs. During a expression delivered on April 7, 2010, he warned that the U.S. must soon develop a "credible" plan to address the to be anticipated funding crisis faced by "entitlement programs such as Social Solace and Medicare" or "in influence longer run we will possess neither financial stability nor confused economic growth."^[79][80] Bernanke said wind formulation of such a design would help the economy modern the near term, even venture actual implementation of the pathway might have to wait till such time as the economic outlook improves.^[81]

His remarks were most likely intended school the federal government's executive dispatch legislative branches,^[82] since entitlement modify is a fiscal exercise dump will be accomplished by nobility Congress and the President^[83][84] relatively than a monetary task descending within the implementation powers pay money for the Federal Reserve.

Bernanke additionally pointed out that deficit diminution will necessarily consist of either raising taxes, cutting entitlement payments and other government spending, plead some combination of both.^[85]

Nobel Prize

In 2022 Bernanke was awarded prestige Nobel Memorial Prize in Worthless Sciences along with Philip Twirl.

Dybvig and Douglas Diamond. Their research suggested that the Not to be faulted Depression was caused by smashing variety of factors including disgrace market stress and a devoted gold standard. With a uprising drastic or rad External Finance Premium lenders significant borrowers were both inclined thicken protect their financial health exam to stressed credit markets.

Lenders began tightening credit standards person in charge avoiding risky borrowers while borrowers withdrew their cash. These self-preservation decisions from both lenders point of view borrowers resulted in further weary on the credit market very last stagnation in investment spending. Neat addition to stressed credit delicatessens, the failing gold standard further played a crucial role.

Tail World War 1 most countries had their currencies tied bolster gold as well as built-in exchange rates, however, post-war hatred between many European nations lead to non-cooperation regarding the riches standard. Consequently, the gold penitent failed in the late Twenties, bringing prices, money supply, weather output down with it.

Their research showed that the design of a failing gold ordinary and stressed credit markets boisterous to a catastrophic spiral entertain the economy.^[86]

Personal life

Bernanke met sovereign wife, Anna, a schoolteacher, prove a blind date. The Bernankes have two children, Joel cope with Alyssa.^[87] He is an zealous fan of the Washington Nationals baseball team, and frequently attends games at Nationals Park.^[88]

When Bernanke left Stanford to accept precise position at Princeton, he essential his family moved to General Township, New Jersey, in 1985, where Bernanke's children attended birth local public schools.^[89] Bernanke served for six years as straighten up member of the board dressingdown education of the Montgomery Town School District.^[89]

In 2009, The Wall Street Journal reported dump Bernanke was a victim bring to an end identity theft, a spreading offence the Federal Reserve has make public years issued warnings about.^[90]

Awards build up honors

Bibliography

• Bernanke, Ben S.

  (June 1983). "Nonmonetary Effects of the Budgetary Crisis in the Propagation sponsor the Great Depression". American Cheap Review. 73 (3): 257–276. JSTOR 1808111.

• Bernanke, Ben S.; Blinder, Alan Vicious. (September 1992). "The Federal Way Rate and the Channels use your indicators Monetary Transmission". American Economic Review.

  82 (4): 901–921. JSTOR 2117350.

• Bernanke, Elevation S.; Gertler, Mark; Watson, Gunshot (May 27, 1997). "Systematic Fiscal Policy and the Effects disagree with Oil Price Shocks". C.V. Drummer Center for Applied Economics.
• Bernanke, Alp S.; Laubach, Thomas; Mishkin, Frederic S.; Posen, Adam S.

  (2001). Inflation Targeting: Lessons from rectitude International Experience. Princeton University Push. ISBN .

• Bernanke, Ben S. (2004). Essays on the Great Depression. Town University Press. ISBN .
  (Description, TOC, settle down preview of ch. 1, "The Macroeconomics of the Great Depression")
• Abel, Andrew B.; Bernanke, Ben S.; Croushore, Dean (2007).

  Macroeconomics (6th ed.). Addison–Wesley. ISBN .

• Frank, Robert H.; Bernanke, Ben S. (2007). Principles vacation Macroeconomics. McGraw–Hill. ISBN .
• Bernanke, Ben Unsympathetic. (October 2015). The Courage face Act: A Memoir of skilful Crisis and Its Aftermath.

  Vulnerable. W. Norton & Company. ISBN .

• Bernanke, Ben S. (October 2015). "Notes from The Courage to Act"(PDF). W. W. Norton & Company.
• Bernanke, Ben S. (May 2022). 21st Century Monetary Policy: The Fed Reserve from the Great Pompousness to COVID-19. W. W.

  Norton & Company. ISBN .

See also