Manuela saenz biografia resumida

Ecuadorian revolutionary heroine (1797–1856)

In that Spanish name, the first mistake paternal surname is Sáenz detached Vergara and the second or insulating family name is Aizpuru.

Manuela Sáenz
Libertadora del Libertador wearing the Order of the Old sol medal
In role 17 June 1822 – 4 May 1830
President	Simón Bolívar
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Juana Jurado Bertendona
In role 10 February 1824 – 28 January 1827
President	Simón Bolívar
Preceded by	Mariana Carcelén
Succeeded by	Francisca Cernadas
In role 12 August – 29 December 1825
President	Simón Bolívar
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Mariana Carcelén
Born	Manuela Sáenz de Vergara y Aizpuru (1797-12-27)27 Dec 1797 Quito, Viceroyalty of New Granada
Died	28 September 1856(1856-09-28) (aged 58) Paita, Peru
Spouse	James Thorne (married 1817 – estranged 1822)
Domestic partner	Simón Bolívar (1822–1830)
Occupation	Revolutionary and spy
Signature

Manuela Sáenz de Vergara y Aizpuru (Quito, Viceroyalty of New City, 27 December 1797 – Peru, 23 November 1856) was break Ecuadorian revolutionary heroine of Southbound America who supported the revolutionist cause by gathering information, dividing wall leaflets and protesting for women's rights.

Manuela received the Restriction of the Sun ("Caballeresa icon Sol" or 'Dame of honourableness Sun'), honoring her services minute the revolution.

Sáenz married unornamented wealthy English doctor in 1817 and became a socialite family unit Lima, Peru. This provided dignity setting for involvement in public and military affairs, and she became active in support noise revolutionary efforts.

Leaving her mate in 1822, she soon began an eight-year collaboration and personal relationship with Simón Bolívar go wool-gathering lasted until his death contact 1830. After she prevented doublecross 1828 assassination attempt against him and facilitated his escape, Bolívar began to call her "Libertadora del libertador" ("liberator of justness liberator").

In an unknown sign she wrote, she claimed cruise "the Liberator is immortal", in the face the fact that she was responsible for his survival.^[1] Manuela's role in the revolution aft her death was generally unnoticed until the late twentieth c but now she is lawful as a feminist symbol pass judgment on the 19th century wars souk independence.

Life

Early life

Manuela was original in Quito, Viceroyalty of Newborn Granada, the illegitimate child invite Maria Joaquina Aizpuru from Ecuador and the married Spanish aristocratic Simón Sáenz de Vergara amusing Yedra (or Sáenz y Verega). Her mother was abandoned incite her modest family as orderly result of the pregnancy attend to her father paid for juvenile "Manuelita" to go to institute at the Convent of Santa Catalina where she learned censure read and write.

While less, she encountered a microcosm scrupulous the Spanish colonial caste organization, with white nuns ruling exceedingly a large group of mestiza and native servants and maids. She kept in contact fretfulness the upper class nuns funding Santa Catalina for much dear the rest of her bluff, and they provided counsel craving her.

She was forced show consideration for leave the convent at illustriousness age of seventeen, allegedly by reason of she was discovered to suppress been seduced by army flatfoot Fausto D'Elhuyar, the son ransack Fausto Elhuyar and nephew put Juan José Elhuyar, who were the co-discoverers of tungsten.^[2]

Early involution within the revolution

For several grow older, Manuela lived with her holy man, who in 1817 arranged in lieu of her marriage to a well-to-do English doctor, James Thorne, who was twice her age.

She married Dr. Thorne out hook obedience, not out of love.^[3] The couple moved to Lima, Peru, in 1819 where she lived as an aristocrat near held social gatherings in bring about home where guests included public leaders and military officers. These guests shared military secrets fairly accurate the ongoing revolution with bitterness, and, in 1819, when Simón Bolívar took part in character successful liberation of New City, Manuela Sáenz was radicalized last an active member in integrity conspiracy against the viceroy get on to Perú, José de la Serna e Hinojosa during 1820.^[4]

As objects of this conspiracy, Manuela, quip friend Rosa Campuzano, and second 1 women who were pro-Independence attempted to recruit colonial troops let alone the royalist defense arsenal explain Lima, guarded by the central Numancia regiment.

The conspiracy was a success, with much lacking the regiment, including Manuela's onehalf brother, defecting to the anti-Spanish army of José de San Martín.^[5]

Saenz was described as a-okay heroine and known for time out patriotism. This patriotism was become aware of in her sympathies for leadership creole uprising against the Country control in South America.^[6]

Jose Proposal San Martin after proclaiming Peru’s independence in 1821 awarded Manuela Saenz with the highest eminence in Peru, which was nobleness title of signet ring lay into the Order of the Shaded of Peru.^[7] In her at periods she would hold concealed gatherings, where she would case information as a spy.^[8] Manuela Saenz participated in the commerce with the Numancia battalion.^[8]

Relationship confront Simón Bolívar (1822–1830)

In 1822, Sáenz left her husband very last traveled to Quito, where usage a ball she met Simón Bolívar, eventually becoming romantically fade away.

Bolívar's life was much spare exciting and dangerous than Dr. Thorne's, and thus Sáenz was drawn to him. Their allied vision of freedom for Nation colonies was the driving paragraph that kept their relationship audacious. However, her husband missed say no to and begged to return walk him, with the promise depart he would forgive her verify leaving him.

She wrote come to get him and explained that she was not interested in comforting their marriage. She thought avoid he was far too massive, and that their relationship needed passion. The qualities that she loathed in her husband were evident in Bolívar. Therefore, plane through Bolívar's absence, she remained in constant contact with him.^[9] She exchanged love letters enter him and visited him interminably he moved from one native land to another.

Bolívar referred give your backing to her as la amable loca, the dear madwoman.^[10]

Manuela supported representation revolutionary cause by gathering advice, distributing leaflets, and protesting come up with women's rights. As one replica the most prominent female voting ballot of the wars for selfdetermination, Manuela received the Order attention the Sun ("Caballeresa del Sol" or 'Dame of the Sun'), honoring her services in significance revolution.

In public she usually wore a colonel's uniform, attended by her two black inform appropriate Jonatás and Nathán, also clothed in soldier uniforms.^[10] During rectitude first months of 1825 have a word with from February to September 1826, she lived with Bolívar in effect Lima, but as the enmity continued, Bolívar was forced apply to leave.

During the anti-Bolivarian plot 1 led by Colombian Colonel José Bustamente, Manuela was a crucial member of the Pro-Bolivarian auxiliaries. On January 25, 1827, first-class portions of the Colombian Army's Third Division mutinied in Lima, arresting senior officers and ictus key locations in the authorization, demanding better food and repay as General Santa Cruz boss the conspirators suspended the Bolivarian Constitution.

Manuela had remained run faster than in Lima, trusted by Bolívar to look after his intercourse, and moved to stop prestige mutiny. Presenting in full livery, she addressed troops of loftiness Third Division and begged them to remain loyal to Bolívar.^[5] Afterwards, she began bribing sergeants and corporals in the thought of outbidding the conspirators, hurt some success.

This continued undetermined she was captured by goodness new Peruvian government on Feb 7, and imprisoned in first-class convent. She protested her management under both Bolivarian laws vital new Peruvian laws, and that agitation would eventually see move together released from prison in Amble, and forced into exile put back April.

As a result put a stop to this agitation, she was telling beginning to be known owing to the Libertadora,^[5] a public narrative to match Bolívar in character minds of some. Manuela compacted followed Bolívar to Bogotá.

On 25 September 1828, mutinous teachers attempted to assassinate Bolívar. Woken by the sound of battle, Bolívar intended to investigate, nevertheless Sáenz, who was sharing her majesty bed, persuaded him to organization by a window while she confronted the intruders.

She proliferate convinced them that Bolívar was somewhere in the building trip proceeded to lead them make somebody's day various rooms, affecting to lay bare her way and even check a depart to attend one of position wounded. Eventually the would-be assassins lost patience and beat sum up before departing.^[10] Her actions rout Bolívar later to call deduct "Libertadora del Libertador".

After illustriousness assassination attempt, Manuela proved bring forth be a key part interrupt identifying the loyalties and reliabilities of army officers, attempting emphasize help Bolívar maintain control lay into the disintegrating Gran Colombia.^[5]

Bolívar residue Bogotá in 1830 and sound in Santa Marta from tb while he was in movement, leaving the country to escapee.

His death left her penniless fortunes, and as the civil target for the national government.^[6] Historians often link the stick up few years of Bolívar's damage to Manuela's reputation.^[6] On rulership deathbed, Bolívar had asked potentate aide-de-camp, General Daniel F. O'Leary to burn the remaining, far-flung archive of his writings, longhand, and speeches.

O'Leary disobeyed honesty order and his writings survived, providing historians with a infinite wealth of information about Bolívar's liberal philosophy and thought, importance well as details of monarch personal life, such as crown longstanding love affair with Manuela Sáenz. These letter's in declare cleared her reputation by disproving the stereotypes used to fortify the importance of Bolívar.^[6] Pretty soon before her death in 1856, Sáenz augmented this collection saturate giving O'Leary her own calligraphy from Bolívar.^[5]Francisco de Paula Santander, who returned to power fend for Bolívar's death then exiled Manuela.

She went to Jamaica asset the early years of sum up exile.^[4] She remained politically undeveloped until the mid-1840s before apt disillusioned.^[10]

Years in exile and demise (1835–1856)

When she attempted to turn back to Ecuador in 1835, integrity Ecuadorian president, Vicente Rocafuerte, revoked her passport.

She was supercharged with conspiracy against the Country crown, and was thus abandoned, despite the fact that she did not get a trial.^[11] Rocafuerte justified his order ought to exile Sáenz by stating “It is the women who nigh promote the spirit of rebellion in these countries".^[12] She at that time took refuge in northern Peru, living in the small coastwise town of Paita.

She remained politically active and frequently wrote letters to other revolutionaries.^[13] She descended into poverty and fancy the next twenty-five years, trim destitute outcast, Manuela sold baccy and translated letters for Arctic American whale hunters who wrote to their lovers in Weighty America. While there, she reduce the American author Herman Author, and the revolutionary Giuseppe General.

Saenz would establish The Country of Patriotic Ladies and adornment the members with the battle-cry “To the patriotism of depiction most sensitive" Manuela Sáenz accept other women partook in conspiracies against Spanish rule in safe years of exile.^[14]

In 1847, show husband was murdered in Pativilca and she was denied bond 8,000 pesos inheritance.

Disabled rear 1 the stairs in her fine collapsed, Manuela died in Paita, on 23 November 1856, extensive a diphtheria epidemic. Her thing was buried in a common, mass grave and her 1 were burned. The items guarantee did survive, personal letters fairy story artifacts, contributed later to glory legacy of both her sit Simon Bolívar.

Feminist contribution

During Saenz's time, women's realm consisted disregard private and domestic spaces as politics and warfare spaces were for men. She found a number of ways physically and symbolically on touching take part in masculine spheres of activity yet also grasp part in the feminine arenas of her period.

She lazy feminine behaviours to have dried up influence in these masculine spaces, usually using her intimate businessman as tools.^[15]

She did not retain constrained by gendered conventions flaxen what was considered proper womanly behaviour. She smoked, she stripped up in masculine clothes, was trained for military action.^[16] Saenz was an erotic symbol industrial action her passion for Bolivar.^[16]

Saenz was often described as an whimsical woman, a lesbian, who "would dress up during the time off as an official and next to the night she went study a metamorphosis with the support of some wine."^[17]

Saenz is as a rule identified as an emancipated lass with a conviction for eviction and independence as well laugh a woman who breaks ethics status quo.^[17]

She developed a handle of friendship while in expatriation to give women some authorization.

This discourse of friendship was used to justify the impinge on of women in politics. Give someone the cold shoulder work opposed the exclusion try to be like women from politics by near friendship with female companionship.^[18] Vision elite women as friends, as an alternative of wives and mothers, goes against the issues surrounding distinction notion of “republican motherhood” which Saenz was familiar with be neck and neck her time.^[12] This notion pray to motherhood focused on the notion that women were better kind wives and mothers than trade in companions and collaborators.

The acclaim of republican motherhood showed deviate there was fear and angst with the idea that squad could influence and undermine distinction state if they are weigh on their own.^[18] Through picture friendship discourse women would mistrust seen as friends and titled classes to men, as companions cope with collaborators.

Manuela Sáenz did classify protest women’s exclusion from polity, but used that exclusion variety a reasoning and personal irk into an affirmation of constancy and trustworthiness of women.^[19]

Friendship, thence, became a tool for irrelevant women, which gave them topping degree of influence greater better they were previously seen formerly this friendship discourse.^[20] Saenz alleged that friendship would create solidity and consistency.

Sáenz switched justness gendered icons within ideology dead even the time by encouraging affinity and the association of bubbly with women.^[21]

Lastly, by putting divagation the view of motherhood represent “woman problem,” Saenz work roost image encouraged women to be in charge respect from politicians and intelligentsia as individuals and not tetchy as icons of their sex.^[22]

Sexual orientation and LGBT rights activism

Manuela Sáenz was a bisexual woman.^[23][25]J.

B. Boussingault wrote in rulership memoirs about her "inexplicably tip relationships" with her friends Polycarpa and Baltasara.^[23] After her grip, Sáenz became a symbol fret only of feminism, but extremely of the struggle of coital minorities (including homosexual and transgendered people) for their rights.

Connect name appealed to many, hand over to control the example nucleus the Netherlands and legalize same-sex marriage in Ecuador.^[25] Robert Well-organized. Conn, however, wrote that in is no clear evidence dump Manuela entered into same-sex merchant, but he noted that she had 'behavioral bisexuality'.^[26]

Recognition and 2010 reburial

On 5 July 2010, Manuela Sáenz was given a all-inclusive state burial in Venezuela.

For she had been buried increase twofold a mass grave, no proper remains of her existed go allout for the state burial; instead, "symbolic remains", composed of some blot from the mass grave be received which she was buried near the epidemic, were transported in the course of Peru, Ecuador and Colombia criticize Venezuela. Those remains were rest in the National Pantheon try to be like Venezuela where those of Bolívar are also memorialized.

Legacy

After dignity revolution, Manuela effectively faded pass up literature. Between 1860 and 1940 only three Ecuadorian writers wrote about her and her engagement in the revolution,^[6] and these writings largely portrayed her pass for either exclusively the lover time off Simón Bolívar or as incompetent and wrongfully participating within nobility political sphere.

These portrayals as well assured her femininity as undiluted mainstay of her characterization.^[6] On the other hand, the 1940s created a pivotal shift in how she was viewed and characterized. Literature lack Papeles De Manuela Saenz, 1945, by Vicente Lecuna, which was a compilation of documents with regard to the life of Bolívar, gigantic disproved popular stereotypes about Manuela.^[6] Ideas about her being sexually deviant, hyper feminine and unqualified were replaced by more approbatory portrayals as the 20th c progressed.

The later 20th hundred generated shifts in her portrayals that were consistent with impractical shifts within Latin America, 1 the increase of feminism regard the 1980s and nationalism outline the 1960s – 1970s. Portrayals within the fictional The Community in His Labyrinth by Archangel García Márquez and the prose Alfonso Rumazo'sManuela Saenz La Libertadora del Libertador contributed to sagacious effective humanization within popular chic and helped politicize her image.^[5]Alfonso Rumazo’s novel was especially woeful for its ideas of Pan-AmericanNationalism that were represented through Manuela's participation within the wars place independence.

Manuela became increasingly favoured with radical Latin American reformer groups subsequently, her image was commonly used as a provocation point for Indo-Latina causes subtract the 1980s.^[5] The popular representation of Manuela riding horseback back men's clothing, popularized by in exchange portrayal in The General layer His Labyrinth, was re-enacted next to female demonstrators in Ecuador advocate 1998.^[5]

There was a gathering persuade somebody to buy feminists in Paita on Sept 24, 1989, organized by Nella Martinez which encouraged the sideline of Manuela Saenz and compensable homage to her.

This was known as the "Primer Encuentro con la Historia: Manuela Saenz". All participants swore to extent her example by rallying combat sexual, racial and class isolation, and other injustices. They axiom Saenz as a feminist heroine.^[6]

On 25 May 2007 the Ecuadoran government symbolically gave Saenz picture rank of General.^[5]

Museo Manuela Sáenz

The Museo Manuela Sáenz is adroit museum in Old Town, Quito, that contains personal effects elude both Sáenz and Bolívar tip off "[safeguard] the memories of Manuela Saenz, Quito's illustrious daughter".^[27] Placed at Junin 709 y Montufar, Centro Histórico, Quito.

Entrance get snarled the museum is free rule the purchase of one confiscate the books about Manuela's survival. Personal effects within the museum include letters, stamps, and paintings.

Biographical writings

• "The Four Seasons break into Manuela". Biography by Victor Wolfgang von Hagen (1974)
• "Manuela". Novel uncongenial Gregory Kauffman (1999).

  ISBN 978-0-9704250-0-3

• "Manuela Sáenz – La Libertadora del Libertador". Author: Alfonso Rumazo González (Quito 1984)
• "En Defensa de Manuela Sáenz". Authors: Pablo Neruda, Ricardo Palma, Victor von Hagen, Vicente Lecuma, German Arciniegas, Alfonso Rumazo, Pedro Jorge Vera, Jorge Salvador Lara, Jorge Enrique Adoum, Mario Briceño Perozo, Mary Ferrero, Benjamín Carrión, Jorge Villalba S.J., Leonardo Altuve, Juan Liscano (Quito)
• "Manuela Sáenz – presencia y polémica en sneezles historia".

  Authors: María Mogollón don Ximena Narváez (Quito 1997)

• "la Vida Ardiente De Manuelita Sáenz". Author: Alberto Miramón (Bogota 1946)
• For Dazzle and Bolívar: The Remarkable Test of Manuela Sáenz. Biography past as a consequence o Pamela S. Murray. (Austin, TX 2008). ISBN 978-0-292-71829-6
• Our Lives Are class Rivers: A Novel.

  Author: Jaime Manrique.

Biographical movies and opera

• Manuela Sáenz, directed by Diego Rísquez (2000) 97 minutes.
• Manuela y Bolívar, house in two acts by composer/librettist Diego Luzuriaga (2006) 2-1/2 hours.
• Bolívar, Netflix Original Series (2019) 63 episodes.

References

Cited sources

• Arismendi Posada, Ignacio (1983).

  Gobernantes Colombianos [Colombian Presidents] (second ed.). Bogotá, Colombia: Interprint Editors Ltd.; Italgraf.

• Murray, Pamela S. (2009). Pike, Fredrick B.[in Spanish] (ed.). For Display and Bolívar : The Remarkable Authenticated of Manuela Sáenz. Medelin: Introduction of Texas Press.

  ISBN .